git-rev-list
SYNOPSIS
git rev-list [ --max-count=number ]
[ --skip=number ]
[ --max-age=timestamp ]
[ --min-age=timestamp ]
[ --sparse ]
[ --merges ]
[ --no-merges ]
[ --first-parent ]
[ --remove-empty ]
[ --full-history ]
[ --not ]
[ --all ]
[ --branches[=pattern] ]
[ --tags[=pattern] ]
[ --remotes[=pattern] ]
[ --glob=glob-pattern ]
[ --stdin ]
[ --quiet ]
[ --topo-order ]
[ --parents ]
[ --timestamp ]
[ --left-right ]
[ --cherry-pick ]
[ --encoding[=<encoding>] ]
[ --(author|committer|grep)=<pattern> ]
[ --regexp-ignore-case | -i ]
[ --extended-regexp | -E ]
[ --fixed-strings | -F ]
[ --date={local|relative|default|iso|rfc|short} ]
[ [--objects | --objects-edge] [ --unpacked ] ]
[ --pretty | --header ]
[ --bisect ]
[ --bisect-vars ]
[ --bisect-all ]
[ --merge ]
[ --reverse ]
[ --walk-reflogs ]
[ --no-walk ] [ --do-walk ]
<commit>... [ -- <paths>... ]
DESCRIPTION
List commits that are reachable by following the parent links from the
given commit(s), but exclude commits that are reachable from the one(s)
given with a ^ in front of them. The output is given in reverse
chronological order by default.
You can think of this as a set operation. Commits given on the command
line form a set of commits that are reachable from any of them, and
then commits reachable from any of the ones given with ^ in front are
subtracted from that set. The remaining commits are what comes out in
the command's output. Various other options and paths parameters can be
used interchangeably:
$ git rev-list origin..HEAD
$ git rev-list HEAD ^origin
Another special notation is "<commit1>...<commit2>" which is useful for
merges. The resulting set of commits is the symmetric difference
between the two operands. The following two commands are equivalent:
$ git rev-list A B --not $(git merge-base --all A B)
$ git rev-list A...B
rev-list is a very essential git command, since it provides the ability
to build and traverse commit ancestry graphs. For this reason, it has a
lot of different options that enables it to be used by commands as
different as git bisect and git repack.
OPTIONS
Commit Formatting
Using these options, git-rev-list(1) will act similar to the more
specialized family of commit log tools: git-log(1), git-show(1), and
git-whatchanged(1)
--pretty[=<format>], --format[=<format>]
Pretty-print the contents of the commit logs in a given format,
where <format> can be one of oneline, short, medium, full, fuller,
email, raw and format:<string>. When omitted, the format defaults
to medium.
Note: you can specify the default pretty format in the repository
configuration (see git-config(1)).
--abbrev-commit
Instead of showing the full 40-byte hexadecimal commit object name,
show only a partial prefix. Non default number of digits can be
specified with "--abbrev=<n>" (which also modifies diff output, if
it is displayed).
This should make "--pretty=oneline" a whole lot more readable for
people using 80-column terminals.
--oneline
This is a shorthand for "--pretty=oneline --abbrev-commit" used
together.
--encoding[=<encoding>]
The commit objects record the encoding used for the log message in
their encoding header; this option can be used to tell the command
to re-code the commit log message in the encoding preferred by the
user. For non plumbing commands this defaults to UTF-8.
--no-notes, --show-notes
--date=relative shows dates relative to the current time, e.g. "2
hours ago".
--date=local shows timestamps in user's local timezone.
--date=iso (or --date=iso8601) shows timestamps in ISO 8601 format.
--date=rfc (or --date=rfc2822) shows timestamps in RFC 2822 format,
often found in E-mail messages.
--date=short shows only date but not time, in YYYY-MM-DD format.
--date=raw shows the date in the internal raw git format %s %z
format.
--date=default shows timestamps in the original timezone (either
committer's or author's).
--header
Print the contents of the commit in raw-format; each record is
separated with a NUL character.
--parents
Print the parents of the commit. Also enables parent rewriting, see
History Simplification below.
--children
Print the children of the commit. Also enables parent rewriting,
see History Simplification below.
--timestamp
Print the raw commit timestamp.
--left-right
Mark which side of a symmetric diff a commit is reachable from.
Commits from the left side are prefixed with < and those from the
right with >. If combined with --boundary, those commits are
prefixed with -.
For example, if you have this topology:
y---b---b branch B
/ \ /
/ .
/ / \
o---x---a---a branch A
you would get an output like this:
$ git rev-list --left-right --boundary --pretty=oneline A...B
>bbbbbbb... 3rd on b
>bbbbbbb... 2nd on b
This implies the --topo-order option by default, but the
--date-order option may also be specified.
Commit Limiting
Besides specifying a range of commits that should be listed using the
special notations explained in the description, additional commit
limiting may be applied.
-n number, --max-count=<number>
Limit the number of commits output.
--skip=<number>
Skip number commits before starting to show the commit output.
--since=<date>, --after=<date>
Show commits more recent than a specific date.
--until=<date>, --before=<date>
Show commits older than a specific date.
--max-age=<timestamp>, --min-age=<timestamp>
Limit the commits output to specified time range.
--author=<pattern>, --committer=<pattern>
Limit the commits output to ones with author/committer header lines
that match the specified pattern (regular expression).
--grep=<pattern>
Limit the commits output to ones with log message that matches the
specified pattern (regular expression).
--all-match
Limit the commits output to ones that match all given --grep,
--author and --committer instead of ones that match at least one.
-i, --regexp-ignore-case
Match the regexp limiting patterns without regard to letters case.
-E, --extended-regexp
Consider the limiting patterns to be extended regular expressions
instead of the default basic regular expressions.
-F, --fixed-strings
Consider the limiting patterns to be fixed strings (don't interpret
pattern as a regular expression).
--remove-empty
Stop when a given path disappears from the tree.
--merges
Print only merge commits.
--no-merges
Do not print commits with more than one parent.
--all
Pretend as if all the refs in refs/ are listed on the command line
as <commit>.
--branches[=pattern]
Pretend as if all the refs in refs/heads are listed on the command
line as <commit>. If pattern is given, limit branches to ones
matching given shell glob. If pattern lacks ?, , or [, / at the end
is implied.
--tags[=pattern]
Pretend as if all the refs in refs/tags are listed on the command
line as <commit>. If pattern is given, limit tags to ones matching
given shell glob. If pattern lacks ?, , or [, / at the end is
implied.
--remotes[=pattern]
Pretend as if all the refs in refs/remotes are listed on the
command line as <commit>. If `pattern`is given, limit remote
tracking branches to ones matching given shell glob. If pattern
lacks ?, , or [, / at the end is implied.
--glob=glob-pattern
Pretend as if all the refs matching shell glob glob-pattern are
listed on the command line as <commit>. Leading refs/, is
automatically prepended if missing. If pattern lacks ?, , or [, /
at the end is implied.
--stdin
In addition to the <commit> listed on the command line, read them
from the standard input. If a -- separator is seen, stop reading
commits and start reading paths to limit the result.
--quiet
Don't print anything to standard output. This form is primarily
meant to allow the caller to test the exit status to see if a range
of objects is fully connected (or not). It is faster than
redirecting stdout to /dev/null as the output does not have to be
formatted.
--cherry-pick
Omit any commit that introduces the same change as another commit
on the "other side" when the set of commits are limited with
symmetric difference.
For example, if you have two branches, A and B, a usual way to list
all commits on only one side of them is with --left-right, like the
example above in the description of that option. It however shows
the commits that were cherry-picked from the other branch (for
example, "3rd on b" may be cherry-picked from branch A). With this
option, such pairs of commits are excluded from the output.
-g, --walk-reflogs
--reverse. See also git-reflog(1).
--merge
After a failed merge, show refs that touch files having a conflict
and don't exist on all heads to merge.
--boundary
Output uninteresting commits at the boundary, which are usually not
shown.
History Simplification
Sometimes you are only interested in parts of the history, for example
the commits modifying a particular <path>. But there are two parts of
History Simplification, one part is selecting the commits and the other
is how to do it, as there are various strategies to simplify the
history.
The following options select the commits to be shown:
<paths>
Commits modifying the given <paths> are selected.
--simplify-by-decoration
Commits that are referred by some branch or tag are selected.
Note that extra commits can be shown to give a meaningful history.
The following options affect the way the simplification is performed:
Default mode
Simplifies the history to the simplest history explaining the final
state of the tree. Simplest because it prunes some side branches if
the end result is the same (i.e. merging branches with the same
content)
--full-history
As the default mode but does not prune some history.
--dense
Only the selected commits are shown, plus some to have a meaningful
history.
--sparse
All commits in the simplified history are shown.
--simplify-merges
Additional option to --full-history to remove some needless merges
from the resulting history, as there are no selected commits
contributing to this merge.
A more detailed explanation follows.
Suppose you specified foo as the <paths>. We shall call commits that
modify foo !TREESAME, and the rest TREESAME. (In a diff filtered for
The horizontal line of history A--P is taken to be the first parent of
each merge. The commits are:
o I is the initial commit, in which foo exists with contents "asdf",
and a file quux exists with contents "quux". Initial commits are
compared to an empty tree, so I is !TREESAME.
o In A, foo contains just "foo".
o B contains the same change as A. Its merge M is trivial and hence
TREESAME to all parents.
o C does not change foo, but its merge N changes it to "foobar", so
it is not TREESAME to any parent.
o D sets foo to "baz". Its merge O combines the strings from N and D
to "foobarbaz"; i.e., it is not TREESAME to any parent.
o E changes quux to "xyzzy", and its merge P combines the strings to
"quux xyzzy". Despite appearing interesting, P is TREESAME to all
parents.
rev-list walks backwards through history, including or excluding
commits based on whether --full-history and/or parent rewriting (via
--parents or --children) are used. The following settings are
available.
Default mode
Commits are included if they are not TREESAME to any parent (though
this can be changed, see --sparse below). If the commit was a
merge, and it was TREESAME to one parent, follow only that parent.
(Even if there are several TREESAME parents, follow only one of
them.) Otherwise, follow all parents.
This results in:
.-A---N---O
/ /
I---------D
Note how the rule to only follow the TREESAME parent, if one is
available, removed B from consideration entirely. C was considered
via N, but is TREESAME. Root commits are compared to an empty tree,
so I is !TREESAME.
Parent/child relations are only visible with --parents, but that
does not affect the commits selected in default mode, so we have
shown the parent lines.
--full-history without parent rewriting
This mode differs from the default in one point: always follow all
parents of a merge, even if it is TREESAME to one of them. Even if
more than one side of the merge has commits that are included, this
--full-history with parent rewriting
Ordinary commits are only included if they are !TREESAME (though
this can be changed, see --sparse below).
Merges are always included. However, their parent list is
rewritten: Along each parent, prune away commits that are not
included themselves. This results in
.-A---M---N---O---P
/ / / / /
I B / D /
\ / / / /
`-------------'
Compare to --full-history without rewriting above. Note that E was
pruned away because it is TREESAME, but the parent list of P was
rewritten to contain E's parent I. The same happened for C and N.
Note also that P was included despite being TREESAME.
In addition to the above settings, you can change whether TREESAME
affects inclusion:
--dense
Commits that are walked are included if they are not TREESAME to
any parent.
--sparse
All commits that are walked are included.
Note that without --full-history, this still simplifies merges: if
one of the parents is TREESAME, we follow only that one, so the
other sides of the merge are never walked.
Finally, there is a fourth simplification mode available:
--simplify-merges
First, build a history graph in the same way that --full-history
with parent rewriting does (see above).
Then simplify each commit 'C` to its replacement C' in the final
history according to the following rules:
o Set 'C'` to C.
o Replace each parent 'P` of C' with its simplification 'P'`. In
the process, drop parents that are ancestors of other parents,
and remove duplicates.
o If after this parent rewriting, 'C'` is a root or merge commit
(has zero or >1 parents), a boundary commit, or !TREESAME, it
remains. Otherwise, it is replaced with its only parent.
The effect of this is best shown by way of comparing to
--full-history with parent rewriting. The example turns into:
o P's parent list similarly had I removed. P was then removed
completely, because it had one parent and is TREESAME.
The --simplify-by-decoration option allows you to view only the big
picture of the topology of the history, by omitting commits that are
not referenced by tags. Commits are marked as !TREESAME (in other
words, kept after history simplification rules described above) if (1)
they are referenced by tags, or (2) they change the contents of the
paths given on the command line. All other commits are marked as
TREESAME (subject to be simplified away).
Bisection Helpers
--bisect
Limit output to the one commit object which is roughly halfway
between included and excluded commits. Note that the bad bisection
ref refs/bisect/bad is added to the included commits (if it exists)
and the good bisection refs refs/bisect/good-* are added to the
excluded commits (if they exist). Thus, supposing there are no refs
in refs/bisect/, if
$ git rev-list --bisect foo ^bar ^baz
outputs midpoint, the output of the two commands
$ git rev-list foo ^midpoint
$ git rev-list midpoint ^bar ^baz
would be of roughly the same length. Finding the change which
introduces a regression is thus reduced to a binary search: repeatedly
generate and test new 'midpoint's until the commit chain is of length
one.
--bisect-vars
This calculates the same as --bisect, except that refs in
refs/bisect/ are not used, and except that this outputs text ready
to be eval'ed by the shell. These lines will assign the name of the
midpoint revision to the variable bisect_rev, and the expected
number of commits to be tested after bisect_rev is tested to
bisect_nr, the expected number of commits to be tested if
bisect_rev turns out to be good to bisect_good, the expected number
of commits to be tested if bisect_rev turns out to be bad to
bisect_bad, and the number of commits we are bisecting right now to
bisect_all.
--bisect-all
This outputs all the commit objects between the included and
excluded commits, ordered by their distance to the included and
excluded commits. Refs in refs/bisect/ are not used. The farthest
from them is displayed first. (This is the only one displayed by
--bisect.)
This is useful because it makes it easy to choose a good commit to
commits are shown before their parents).
--date-order
This option is similar to --topo-order in the sense that no parent
comes before all of its children, but otherwise things are still
ordered in the commit timestamp order.
--reverse
Output the commits in reverse order. Cannot be combined with
--walk-reflogs.
Object Traversal
These options are mostly targeted for packing of git repositories.
--objects
Print the object IDs of any object referenced by the listed
commits. --objects foo ^bar thus means "send me all object IDs
which I need to download if I have the commit object bar, but not
foo".
--objects-edge
Similar to --objects, but also print the IDs of excluded commits
prefixed with a "-" character. This is used by git-pack-objects(1)
to build "thin" pack, which records objects in deltified form based
on objects contained in these excluded commits to reduce network
traffic.
--unpacked
Only useful with --objects; print the object IDs that are not in
packs.
--no-walk
Only show the given revs, but do not traverse their ancestors.
--do-walk
Overrides a previous --no-walk.
PRETTY FORMATS
If the commit is a merge, and if the pretty-format is not oneline,
email or raw, an additional line is inserted before the Author: line.
This line begins with "Merge: " and the sha1s of ancestral commits are
printed, separated by spaces. Note that the listed commits may not
necessarily be the list of the direct parent commits if you have
limited your view of history: for example, if you are only interested
in changes related to a certain directory or file.
Here are some additional details for each format:
o oneline
<sha1> <title line>
This is designed to be as compact as possible.
<title line>
<full commit message>
o full
commit <sha1>
Author: <author>
Commit: <committer>
<title line>
<full commit message>
o fuller
commit <sha1>
Author: <author>
AuthorDate: <author date>
Commit: <committer>
CommitDate: <committer date>
<title line>
<full commit message>
o email
From <sha1> <date>
From: <author>
Date: <author date>
Subject: [PATCH] <title line>
<full commit message>
o raw
The raw format shows the entire commit exactly as stored in the
commit object. Notably, the SHA1s are displayed in full, regardless
of whether --abbrev or --no-abbrev are used, and parents
information show the true parent commits, without taking grafts nor
history simplification into account.
o format:
The format: format allows you to specify which information you want
to show. It works a little bit like printf format, with the notable
exception that you get a newline with %n instead of \n.
E.g, format:"The author of %h was %an, %ar%nThe title was >>%s<<%n"
would show something like this:
The author of fe6e0ee was Junio C Hamano, 23 hours ago
o %P: parent hashes
o %p: abbreviated parent hashes
o %an: author name
o %aN: author name (respecting .mailmap, see git-shortlog(1) or
git-blame(1))
o %ae: author email
o %aE: author email (respecting .mailmap, see git-shortlog(1) or
git-blame(1))
o %ad: author date (format respects --date= option)
o %aD: author date, RFC2822 style
o %ar: author date, relative
o %at: author date, UNIX timestamp
o %ai: author date, ISO 8601 format
o %cn: committer name
o %cN: committer name (respecting .mailmap, see git-shortlog(1)
or git-blame(1))
o %ce: committer email
o %cE: committer email (respecting .mailmap, see git-shortlog(1)
or git-blame(1))
o %cd: committer date
o %cD: committer date, RFC2822 style
o %cr: committer date, relative
o %ct: committer date, UNIX timestamp
o %ci: committer date, ISO 8601 format
o %d: ref names, like the --decorate option of git-log(1)
o %e: encoding
o %s: subject
o %f: sanitized subject line, suitable for a filename
o %b: body
o %Cblue: switch color to blue
o %Creset: reset color
o %C(...): color specification, as described in color.branch.*
config option
o %m: left, right or boundary mark
o %n: newline
o %%: a raw %
o %x00: print a byte from a hex code
o %w([<w>[,<i1>[,<i2>]]]): switch line wrapping, like the -w
option of git-shortlog(1).
Note
Some placeholders may depend on other options given to the revision
traversal engine. For example, the %g* reflog options will insert
an empty string unless we are traversing reflog entries (e.g., by
git log -g). The %d placeholder will use the "short" decoration
format if --decorate was not already provided on the command line.
If you add a + (plus sign) after % of a placeholder, a line-feed is
inserted immediately before the expansion if and only if the
placeholder expands to a non-empty string.
If you add a - (minus sign) after % of a placeholder, line-feeds that
immediately precede the expansion are deleted if and only if the
placeholder expands to an empty string.
o tformat:
The tformat: format works exactly like format:, except that it
provides "terminator" semantics instead of "separator" semantics.
In other words, each commit has the message terminator character
(usually a newline) appended, rather than a separator placed
between entries. This means that the final entry of a single-line
format will be properly terminated with a new line, just as the
"oneline" format does. For example:
$ git log -2 --pretty=format:%h 4da45bef \
| perl -pe '$_ .= " -- NO NEWLINE\n" unless /\n/'
4da45be
7134973 -- NO NEWLINE
$ git log -2 --pretty=tformat:%h 4da45bef \
| perl -pe '$_ .= " -- NO NEWLINE\n" unless /\n/'
4da45be
7134973
In addition, any unrecognized string that has a % in it is
git-list <git@vger.kernel.org[2]>.
GIT
Part of the git(1) suite
NOTES
1. torvalds@osdl.org
mailto:torvalds@osdl.org
2. git@vger.kernel.org
mailto:git@vger.kernel.org
Git 1.7.0.4 04/12/2010 GIT-REV-LIST(1)
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