rsync

rsync(1)                                                              rsync(1)

NAME
       rsync - a fast, versatile, remote (and local) file-copying tool

SYNOPSIS
       Local:  rsync [OPTION...] SRC... [DEST]

       Access via remote shell:
         Pull: rsync [OPTION...] [USER@]HOST:SRC... [DEST]
         Push: rsync [OPTION...] SRC... [USER@]HOST:DEST

       Access via rsync daemon:
         Pull: rsync [OPTION...] [USER@]HOST::SRC... [DEST]
               rsync [OPTION...] rsync://[USER@]HOST[:PORT]/SRC... [DEST]
         Push: rsync [OPTION...] SRC... [USER@]HOST::DEST
               rsync [OPTION...] SRC... rsync://[USER@]HOST[:PORT]/DEST

       Usages with just one SRC arg and no DEST arg will list the source files
       instead of copying.

DESCRIPTION
       Rsync is a fast and extraordinarily versatile file  copying  tool.   It
       can  copy  locally,  to/from  another  host  over  any remote shell, or
       to/from a remote rsync daemon.  It offers a  large  number  of  options
       that  control  every  aspect  of  its behavior and permit very flexible
       specification of the set of files to be copied.  It is famous  for  its
       delta-transfer  algorithm,  which  reduces the amount of data sent over
       the network by sending only the differences between  the  source  files
       and  the  existing  files in the destination.  Rsync is widely used for
       backups and mirroring and as an improved copy command for everyday use.

       Rsync finds files that need to be transferred using a "quick check" al-
       gorithm  (by default) that looks for files that have changed in size or
       in last-modified time.  Any changes in the other  preserved  attributes
       (as  requested  by  options)  are made on the destination file directly
       when the quick check indicates that the file's data does not need to be
       updated.

       Some of the additional features of rsync are:

       o      support  for copying links, devices, owners, groups, and permis-
              sions

       o      exclude and exclude-from options similar to GNU tar

       o      a CVS exclude mode for ignoring the same files  that  CVS  would
              ignore

       o      can use any transparent remote shell, including ssh or rsh

       o      does not require super-user privileges

       o      pipelining of file transfers to minimize latency costs

       o      support  for anonymous or authenticated rsync daemons (ideal for
              mirroring)

GENERAL
       Rsync copies files either to or from a remote host, or locally  on  the
       current  host  (it  does  not  support copying files between two remote
       hosts).

       There are two different ways for rsync to contact a remote system:  us-
       ing  a  remote-shell  program  as the transport (such as ssh or rsh) or
       contacting an rsync daemon directly via TCP.  The  remote-shell  trans-
       port  is used whenever the source or destination path contains a single
       colon (:) separator after a host specification.   Contacting  an  rsync
       daemon  directly happens when the source or destination path contains a
       double colon (::) separator after a  host  specification,  OR  when  an
       rsync://  URL  is  specified (see also the "USING RSYNC-DAEMON FEATURES
       VIA A REMOTE-SHELL CONNECTION" section for an exception to this  latter
       rule).

       As a special case, if a single source arg is specified without a desti-
       nation, the files are listed in an output format similar to "ls -l".

       As expected, if neither the source or destination path specify a remote
       host, the copy occurs locally (see also the --list-only option).

       Rsync  refers  to the local side as the "client" and the remote side as
       the "server".  Don't confuse "server" with an rsync daemon -- a  daemon
       is  always  a  server,  but  a  server  can be either a daemon or a re-
       mote-shell spawned process.

SETUP
       See the file README for installation instructions.

       Once installed, you can use rsync to any machine that  you  can  access
       via a remote shell (as well as some that you can access using the rsync
       daemon-mode protocol).  For remote transfers, a modern rsync  uses  ssh
       for  its  communications, but it may have been configured to use a dif-
       ferent remote shell by default, such as rsh or remsh.

       You can also specify any remote shell you like, either by using the  -e
       command line option, or by setting the RSYNC_RSH environment variable.

       Note  that  rsync  must be installed on both the source and destination
       machines.

USAGE
       You use rsync in the same way you use rcp. You must  specify  a  source
       and a destination, one of which may be remote.

       Perhaps the best way to explain the syntax is with some examples:

              rsync -t *.c foo:src/

       This would transfer all files matching the pattern *.c from the current
       directory to the directory src on the machine foo. If any of the  files
       already  exist on the remote system then the rsync remote-update proto-
       col is used to update the file by sending only the differences  in  the
       data.   Note  that  the expansion of wildcards on the commandline (*.c)
       into a list of files is handled by the shell before it runs  rsync  and
       not  by  rsync  itself  (exactly the same as all other posix-style pro-
       grams).

              rsync -avz foo:src/bar /data/tmp

       This would recursively transfer all files from the directory src/bar on
       the  machine foo into the /data/tmp/bar directory on the local machine.
       The files are transferred in "archive" mode, which  ensures  that  sym-
       bolic  links,  devices,  attributes,  permissions, ownerships, etc. are
       preserved in the transfer.  Additionally, compression will be  used  to
       reduce the size of data portions of the transfer.

              rsync -avz foo:src/bar/ /data/tmp

       A  trailing slash on the source changes this behavior to avoid creating
       an additional directory level at the destination.  You can think  of  a
       trailing / on a source as meaning "copy the contents of this directory"
       as opposed to "copy the directory by name", but in both cases  the  at-
       tributes  of the containing directory are transferred to the containing
       directory on the destination.  In other words, each  of  the  following
       commands  copies  the files in the same way, including their setting of
       the attributes of /dest/foo:

              rsync -av /src/foo /dest
              rsync -av /src/foo/ /dest/foo

       Note also that host and module  references  don't  require  a  trailing
       slash to copy the contents of the default directory.  For example, both
       of these copy the remote directory's contents into "/dest":

              rsync -av host: /dest
              rsync -av host::module /dest

       You can also use rsync in local-only mode, where both  the  source  and
       destination  don't have a ':' in the name. In this case it behaves like
       an improved copy command.

       Finally, you can list all the (listable) modules available from a  par-
       ticular rsync daemon by leaving off the module name:

              rsync somehost.mydomain.com::

       See the following section for more details.

ADVANCED USAGE
       The  syntax for requesting multiple files from a remote host is done by
       specifying additional remote-host args in the same style as the  first,
       or with the hostname omitted.  For instance, all these work:

              rsync -av host:file1 :file2 host:file{3,4} /dest/
              rsync -av host::modname/file{1,2} host::modname/file3 /dest/
              rsync -av host::modname/file1 ::modname/file{3,4} /dest/

       Older  versions  of rsync required using quoted spaces in the SRC, like
       these examples:

              rsync -av host:'dir1/file1 dir2/file2' /dest
              rsync host::'modname/dir1/file1 modname/dir2/file2' /dest

       Starting this version of rsync, filenames are passed to a remote  shell
       in  such a way as to preserve the characters you give it.  Thus, if you
       ask for a file with spaces in the name, that's what  the  remote  rsync
       looks for:

              rsync -aiv host:'a simple file.pdf' /dest/

       If you use scripts that have been written to manually apply extra quot-
       ing to the remote rsync args (or to require remote arg splitting),  you
       can  ask  rsync  to let your script handle the extra escaping.  This is
       done by either adding the --old-args option to the rsync  runs  in  the
       script  (which  requires a new rsync) or exporting RSYNC_OLD_ARGS=1 and
       RSYNC_PROTECT_ARGS=0 (which works with old or new rsync versions).

CONNECTING TO AN RSYNC DAEMON
       It is also possible to use rsync without a remote shell as  the  trans-
       port.  In this case you will directly connect to a remote rsync daemon,
       typically using TCP port 873.  (This obviously requires the  daemon  to
       be running on the remote system, so refer to the STARTING AN RSYNC DAE-
       MON TO ACCEPT CONNECTIONS section below for information on that.)

       Using rsync in this way is the same as using it with a remote shell ex-
       cept that:

       o      you  either  use  a double colon :: instead of a single colon to
              separate the hostname from the path, or you use an rsync:// URL.

       o      the first word of the "path" is actually a module name.

       o      the remote daemon may print a message of the day when  you  con-
              nect.

       o      if  you  specify no path name on the remote daemon then the list
              of accessible paths on the daemon will be shown.

       o      if you specify no local destination then a listing of the speci-
              fied files on the remote daemon is provided.

       o      you must not specify the --rsh (-e) option.

       An example that copies all the files in a remote module named "src":

           rsync -av host::src /dest

       Some  modules  on  the remote daemon may require authentication. If so,
       you will receive a password prompt when you connect. You can avoid  the
       password  prompt  by setting the environment variable RSYNC_PASSWORD to
       the password you want to use or using the --password-file option.  This
       may be useful when scripting rsync.

       WARNING:  On  some  systems  environment  variables  are visible to all
       users. On those systems using --password-file is recommended.

       You may establish the connection via a web proxy by setting  the  envi-
       ronment  variable  RSYNC_PROXY to a hostname:port pair pointing to your
       web proxy.  Note that your web proxy's configuration must support proxy
       connections to port 873.

       You  may  also establish a daemon connection using a program as a proxy
       by setting the environment variable RSYNC_CONNECT_PROG to the  commands
       you  wish  to  run  in place of making a direct socket connection.  The
       string may contain the escape "%H" to represent the hostname  specified
       in  the  rsync  command  (so  use "%%" if you need a single "%" in your
       string).  For example:

         export RSYNC_CONNECT_PROG='ssh proxyhost nc %H 873'
         rsync -av targethost1::module/src/ /dest/
         rsync -av rsync:://targethost2/module/src/ /dest/

       The command specified above uses ssh to run nc (netcat) on a proxyhost,
       which  forwards all data to port 873 (the rsync daemon) on the targeth-
       ost (%H).

USING RSYNC-DAEMON FEATURES VIA A REMOTE-SHELL CONNECTION
       It is sometimes useful to use various features of an rsync daemon (such
       as  named modules) without actually allowing any new socket connections
       into a system (other  than  what  is  already  required  to  allow  re-
       mote-shell access).  Rsync supports connecting to a host using a remote
       shell and then spawning a single-use "daemon" server  that  expects  to
       read  its  config file in the home dir of the remote user.  This can be
       useful if you want to encrypt a daemon-style transfer's data, but since
       the  daemon is started up fresh by the remote user, you may not be able
       to use features such as chroot or change the uid used  by  the  daemon.
       (For  another  way  to encrypt a daemon transfer, consider using ssh to
       tunnel a local port to a remote machine and configure  a  normal  rsync
       daemon on that remote host to only allow connections from "localhost".)

       From  the user's perspective, a daemon transfer via a remote-shell con-
       nection uses nearly the same command-line syntax as a normal rsync-dae-
       mon  transfer,  with  the only exception being that you must explicitly
       set the remote shell program on the command-line with the --rsh=COMMAND
       option.   (Setting  the  RSYNC_RSH  in the environment will not turn on
       this functionality.)  For example:

           rsync -av --rsh=ssh host::module /dest

       If you need to specify a different remote-shell user, keep in mind that
       the  user@  prefix  in  front  of the host is specifying the rsync-user
       value (for a module that  requires  user-based  authentication).   This
       means  that  you  must give the '-l user' option to ssh when specifying
       the remote-shell, as in this example that uses the short version of the
       --rsh option:

           rsync -av -e "ssh -l ssh-user" rsync-user@host::module /dest

       The  "ssh-user" will be used at the ssh level; the "rsync-user" will be
       used to log-in to the "module".

STARTING AN RSYNC DAEMON TO ACCEPT CONNECTIONS
       In order to connect to an rsync daemon, the remote system needs to have
       a daemon already running (or it needs to have configured something like
       inetd to spawn an rsync daemon for incoming connections on a particular
       port).   For  full  information on how to start a daemon that will han-
       dling incoming socket connections, see the rsyncd.conf(5) man  page  --
       that  is  the  config file for the daemon, and it contains the full de-
       tails for how to run the daemon (including stand-alone and  inetd  con-
       figurations).

       If  you're  using  one of the remote-shell transports for the transfer,
       there is no need to manually start an rsync daemon.

SORTED TRANSFER ORDER
       Rsync always sorts the specified filenames into its  internal  transfer
       list.  This handles the merging together of the contents of identically
       named directories, makes it easy to remove duplicate filenames, and may
       confuse  someone  when  the  files are transferred in a different order
       than what was given on the command-line.

       If you need a particular file to be transferred prior to  another,  ei-
       ther  separate  the files into different rsync calls, or consider using
       --delay-updates (which doesn't affect the sorted  transfer  order,  but
       does make the final file-updating phase happen much more rapidly).

EXAMPLES
       Here are some examples of how I use rsync.

       To  backup  my  wife's  home directory, which consists of large MS Word
       files and mail folders, I use a cron job that runs

              rsync -Cavz . arvidsjaur:backup

       each night over a PPP connection to a duplicate directory on my machine
       "arvidsjaur".

       To  synchronize my samba source trees I use the following Makefile tar-
       gets:

           get:
                   rsync -avuzb --exclude '*~' samba:samba/ .
           put:
                   rsync -Cavuzb . samba:samba/
           sync: get put

       this allows me to sync with a CVS directory at the  other  end  of  the
       connection. I then do CVS operations on the remote machine, which saves
       a lot of time as the remote CVS protocol isn't very efficient.

       I mirror a directory between my "old" and "new" ftp sites with the com-
       mand:

       rsync -az -e ssh --delete ~ftp/pub/samba nimbus:"~ftp/pub/tridge"

       This is launched from cron every few hours.

OPTIONS SUMMARY
       Here is a short summary of the options available in rsync. Please refer
       to the detailed description below for a complete description.

        -v, --verbose               increase verbosity
            --info=FLAGS            fine-grained informational verbosity
            --debug=FLAGS           fine-grained debug verbosity
            --msgs2stderr           special output handling for debugging
        -q, --quiet                 suppress non-error messages
            --no-motd               suppress daemon-mode MOTD (see caveat)
        -c, --checksum              skip based on checksum, not mod-time & size
        -a, --archive               archive mode; equals -rlptgoD (no -H,-A,-X)
            --no-OPTION             turn off an implied OPTION (e.g. --no-D)
        -r, --recursive             recurse into directories
        -R, --relative              use relative path names
            --no-implied-dirs       don't send implied dirs with --relative
        -b, --backup                make backups (see --suffix & --backup-dir)
            --backup-dir=DIR        make backups into hierarchy based in DIR
            --suffix=SUFFIX         backup suffix (default ~ w/o --backup-dir)
        -u, --update                skip files that are newer on the receiver
            --inplace               update destination files in-place
            --append                append data onto shorter files
            --append-verify         --append w/old data in file checksum
        -d, --dirs                  transfer directories without recursing
             --old-dirs, --old-d works like --dirs when talking to old rsync
        -l, --links                 copy symlinks as symlinks
        -L, --copy-links            transform symlink into referent file/dir
            --copy-unsafe-links     only "unsafe" symlinks are transformed
            --safe-links            ignore symlinks that point outside the tree
            --munge-links           munge symlinks to make them safer
        -k, --copy-dirlinks         transform symlink to dir into referent dir
        -K, --keep-dirlinks         treat symlinked dir on receiver as dir
        -H, --hard-links            preserve hard links
        -p, --perms                 preserve permissions
        -E, --executability         preserve executability
            --chmod=CHMOD           affect file and/or directory permissions
        -A, --acls                  preserve ACLs (implies -p)
        -X, --xattrs                preserve extended attributes
        -o, --owner                 preserve owner (super-user only)
        -g, --group                 preserve group
            --devices               preserve device files (super-user only)
            --specials              preserve special files
        -D                          same as --devices --specials
        -t, --times                 preserve modification times
        -O, --omit-dir-times        omit directories from --times
        -J, --omit-link-times       omit symlinks from --times
            --super                 receiver attempts super-user activities
            --fake-super            store/recover privileged attrs using xattrs
        -S, --sparse                turn sequences of nulls into sparse blocks
            --preallocate           allocate dest files before writing
        -n, --dry-run               perform a trial run with no changes made
        -W, --whole-file            copy files whole (w/o delta-xfer algorithm)
            --checksum-choice=STR   choose the checksum algorithms
        -x, --one-file-system       don't cross filesystem boundaries
        -B, --block-size=SIZE       force a fixed checksum block-size
        -e, --rsh=COMMAND           specify the remote shell to use
            --rsync-path=PROGRAM    specify the rsync to run on remote machine
            --existing              skip creating new files on receiver
            --ignore-existing       skip updating files that exist on receiver
            --remove-source-files   sender removes synchronized files (non-dir)
            --del                   an alias for --delete-during
            --delete                delete extraneous files from dest dirs
            --delete-before         receiver deletes before xfer, not during
            --delete-during         receiver deletes during the transfer
            --delete-delay          find deletions during, delete after
            --delete-after          receiver deletes after transfer, not during
            --delete-excluded       also delete excluded files from dest dirs
            --ignore-missing-args   ignore missing source args without error
            --delete-missing-args   delete missing source args from destination
            --ignore-errors         delete even if there are I/O errors
            --force                 force deletion of dirs even if not empty
            --max-delete=NUM        don't delete more than NUM files
            --max-size=SIZE         don't transfer any file larger than SIZE
            --min-size=SIZE         don't transfer any file smaller than SIZE
            --partial               keep partially transferred files
            --partial-dir=DIR       put a partially transferred file into DIR
            --delay-updates         put all updated files into place at end
        -m, --prune-empty-dirs      prune empty directory chains from file-list
            --numeric-ids           don't map uid/gid values by user/group name
            --usermap=STRING        custom username mapping
            --groupmap=STRING       custom groupname mapping
            --chown=USER:GROUP      simple username/groupname mapping
            --timeout=SECONDS       set I/O timeout in seconds
            --contimeout=SECONDS    set daemon connection timeout in seconds
        -I, --ignore-times          don't skip files that match size and time
            --size-only             skip files that match in size
        -@, --modify-window=NUM     set the accuracy for mod-time comparisons
        -T, --temp-dir=DIR          create temporary files in directory DIR
        -y, --fuzzy                 find similar file for basis if no dest file
            --compare-dest=DIR      also compare received files relative to DIR
            --copy-dest=DIR         ... and include copies of unchanged files
            --link-dest=DIR         hardlink to files in DIR when unchanged
        -z, --compress              compress file data during the transfer
            --compress-level=NUM    explicitly set compression level
            --skip-compress=LIST    skip compressing files with suffix in LIST
        -C, --cvs-exclude           auto-ignore files in the same way CVS does
        -f, --filter=RULE           add a file-filtering RULE
        -F                          same as --filter='dir-merge /.rsync-filter'
                                    repeated: --filter='- .rsync-filter'
            --exclude=PATTERN       exclude files matching PATTERN
            --exclude-from=FILE     read exclude patterns from FILE
            --include=PATTERN       don't exclude files matching PATTERN
            --include-from=FILE     read include patterns from FILE
            --files-from=FILE       read list of source-file names from FILE
        -0, --from0                 all *from/filter files are delimited by 0s
            --old-args              disable the modern arg-protection idiom
        -s, --protect-args          no space-splitting; wildcard chars only
            --trust-sender         trust the remote sender's file list
            --address=ADDRESS       bind address for outgoing socket to daemon
            --port=PORT             specify double-colon alternate port number
            --sockopts=OPTIONS      specify custom TCP options
            --blocking-io           use blocking I/O for the remote shell
            --outbuf=N|L|B          set out buffering to None, Line, or Block
            --stats                 give some file-transfer stats
        -8, --8-bit-output          leave high-bit chars unescaped in output
        -h, --human-readable        output numbers in a human-readable format
            --progress              show progress during transfer
        -P                          same as --partial --progress
        -i, --itemize-changes       output a change-summary for all updates
        -M, --remote-option=OPTION  send OPTION to the remote side only
            --out-format=FORMAT     output updates using the specified FORMAT
            --log-file=FILE         log what we're doing to the specified FILE
            --log-file-format=FMT   log updates using the specified FMT
            --password-file=FILE    read daemon-access password from FILE
            --list-only             list the files instead of copying them
            --bwlimit=RATE          limit socket I/O bandwidth
            --write-batch=FILE      write a batched update to FILE
            --only-write-batch=FILE like --write-batch but w/o updating dest
            --read-batch=FILE       read a batched update from FILE
            --protocol=NUM          force an older protocol version to be used
            --iconv=CONVERT_SPEC    request charset conversion of filenames
            --checksum-seed=NUM     set block/file checksum seed (advanced)
        -4, --ipv4                  prefer IPv4
        -6, --ipv6                  prefer IPv6
            --version               print version number
       (-h) --help                  show this help (see below for -h comment)

       Rsync can also be run as a daemon, in which case the following  options
       are accepted:

            --daemon                run as an rsync daemon
            --address=ADDRESS       bind to the specified address
            --bwlimit=RATE          limit socket I/O bandwidth
            --config=FILE           specify alternate rsyncd.conf file
        -M, --dparam=OVERRIDE       override global daemon config parameter
            --no-detach             do not detach from the parent
            --port=PORT             listen on alternate port number
            --log-file=FILE         override the "log file" setting
            --log-file-format=FMT   override the "log format" setting
            --sockopts=OPTIONS      specify custom TCP options
        -v, --verbose               increase verbosity
        -4, --ipv4                  prefer IPv4
        -6, --ipv6                  prefer IPv6
        -h, --help                  show this help (if used after --daemon)

OPTIONS
       Rsync  accepts  both long (double-dash + word) and short (single-dash +
       letter) options.  The full list of the available options are  described
       below.  If an option can be specified in more than one way, the choices
       are comma-separated.  Some options only have  a  long  variant,  not  a
       short.   If  the option takes a parameter, the parameter is only listed
       after the long variant, even though it must also be specified  for  the
       short.   When specifying a parameter, you can either use the form --op-
       tion=param or replace the '=' with whitespace.  The parameter may  need
       to  be quoted in some manner for it to survive the shell's command-line
       parsing.  Keep in mind that a leading tilde (~) in a filename  is  sub-
       stituted  by  your  shell,  so --option=~/foo will not change the tilde
       into your home directory (remove the '=' for that).

       --help Print a short help page  describing  the  options  available  in
              rsync  and exit.  For backward-compatibility with older versions
              of rsync, the help will also be output if you use the -h  option
              without any other args.

       --version
              print the rsync version number and exit.

       -v, --verbose
              This  option  increases  the amount of information you are given
              during the transfer.  By default, rsync works silently. A single
              -v  will  give you information about what files are being trans-
              ferred and a brief summary at the end. Two -v options will  give
              you  information  on  what  files are being skipped and slightly
              more information at the end. More than  two  -v  options  should
              only be used if you are debugging rsync.

              In a modern rsync, the -v option is equivalent to the setting of
              groups of --info and --debug options.  You  can  choose  to  use
              these  newer options in addition to, or in place of using --ver-
              bose, as any fine-grained settings override the implied settings
              of  -v.  Both --info and --debug have a way to ask for help that
              tells you exactly what flags are set for each increase  in  ver-
              bosity.

              However, do keep in mind that a daemon's "max verbosity" setting
              will limit how high of a level the various individual flags  can
              be  set on the daemon side.  For instance, if the max is 2, then
              any info and/or debug flag that is set to a  higher  value  than
              what  would be set by -vv will be downgraded to the -vv level in
              the daemon's logging.

       --info=FLAGS
              This option lets you have fine-grained control over the informa-
              tion  output  you  want  to see.  An individual flag name may be
              followed by a level number, with 0 meaning to silence that  out-
              put,  1  being  the default output level, and higher numbers in-
              creasing the output of that flag (for those that support  higher
              levels).   Use  --info=help to see all the available flag names,
              what they output, and what flag names are  added  for  each  in-
              crease in the verbose level.  Some examples:

                  rsync -a --info=progress2 src/ dest/
                  rsync -avv --info=stats2,misc1,flist0 src/ dest/

              Note  that  --info=name's output is affected by the --out-format
              and --itemize-changes (-i) options.  See those options for  more
              information on what is output and when.

              This  option was added to 3.1.0, so an older rsync on the server
              side might reject your attempts at fine-grained control (if  one
              or more flags needed to be send to the server and the server was
              too old to understand  them).   See  also  the  "max  verbosity"
              caveat above when dealing with a daemon.

       --debug=FLAGS
              This  option  lets  you have fine-grained control over the debug
              output you want to see.  An individual flag name may be followed
              by  a level number, with 0 meaning to silence that output, 1 be-
              ing the default output level, and higher numbers increasing  the
              output of that flag (for those that support higher levels).  Use
              --debug=help to see all the available flag names, what they out-
              put, and what flag names are added for each increase in the ver-
              bose level.  Some examples:

                  rsync -avvv --debug=none src/ dest/
                  rsync -avA --del --debug=del2,acl src/ dest/

              Note  that  some  debug  messages  will  only  be  output   when
              --msgs2stderr  is  specified, especially those pertaining to I/O
              and buffer debugging.

              This option was added to 3.1.0, so an older rsync on the  server
              side  might reject your attempts at fine-grained control (if one
              or more flags needed to be send to the server and the server was
              too  old  to  understand  them).   See  also the "max verbosity"
              caveat above when dealing with a daemon.

       --msgs2stderr
              This option changes rsync to send all  its  output  directly  to
              stderr  rather  than to send messages to the client side via the
              protocol (which normally  outputs  info  messages  via  stdout).
              This is mainly intended for debugging in order to avoid changing
              the data sent via the protocol, since the  extra  protocol  data
              can change what is being tested.  The option does not affect the
              remote side of a transfer without using --remote-option --  e.g.
              -M--msgs2stderr.   Also  keep  in  mind that a daemon connection
              does not have a stderr channel to  send  messages  back  to  the
              client  side,  so if you are doing any daemon-transfer debugging
              using this option, you should start up a daemon  using  --no-de-
              tach so that you can see the stderr output on the daemon side.

              This  option  has  the  side-effect  of making stderr output get
              line-buffered so that the merging of the output  of  3  programs
              happens in a more readable manner.

       -q, --quiet
              This  option  decreases  the amount of information you are given
              during the transfer, notably  suppressing  information  messages
              from  the  remote  server.  This  option is useful when invoking
              rsync from cron.

       --no-motd
              This option affects the information that is output by the client
              at  the  start  of  a daemon transfer.  This suppresses the mes-
              sage-of-the-day (MOTD) text, but it also  affects  the  list  of
              modules  that the daemon sends in response to the "rsync host::"
              request (due to a limitation in the  rsync  protocol),  so  omit
              this  option if you want to request the list of modules from the
              daemon.

       -I, --ignore-times
              Normally rsync will skip any files that  are  already  the  same
              size  and  have  the  same  modification timestamp.  This option
              turns off this "quick check" behavior, causing all files  to  be
              updated.

       --size-only
              This  modifies rsync's "quick check" algorithm for finding files
              that need to be transferred, changing it  from  the  default  of
              transferring  files  with  either  a  changed  size or a changed
              last-modified time to just looking for files that  have  changed
              in  size.  This is useful when starting to use rsync after using
              another mirroring system which may not preserve  timestamps  ex-
              actly.

       -@, --modify-window
              When  comparing  two  timestamps, rsync treats the timestamps as
              being equal if they differ by no  more  than  the  modify-window
              value.   The  default  is 0, which matches just integer seconds.
              If you specify a negative value (and the receiver  is  at  least
              version 3.1.3) then nanoseconds will also be taken into account.
              Specifying 1  is  useful  for  copies  to/from  MS  Windows  FAT
              filesystems,  because FAT represents times with a 2-second reso-
              lution (allowing times to differ from the original by  up  to  1
              second).

              If  you want all your transfers to default to comparing nanosec-
              onds, you can create a ~/.popt file and put these lines in it:

                 rsync alias -a -a@-1
                 rsync alias -t -t@-1

              With that as the default, you'd need  to  specify  --modify-win-
              dow=0  (aka  -@0) to override it and ignore nanoseconds, e.g. if
              you're copying between ext3 and ext4, or if the receiving  rsync
              is older than 3.1.3.

       -c, --checksum
              This changes the way rsync checks if the files have been changed
              and are in need of a transfer.  Without this option, rsync  uses
              a "quick check" that (by default) checks if each file's size and
              time of last modification match between the sender and receiver.
              This  option changes this to compare a 128-bit checksum for each
              file that has a matching size.  Generating the  checksums  means
              that  both  sides  will expend a lot of disk I/O reading all the
              data in the files in the transfer (and  this  is  prior  to  any
              reading  that  will  be done to transfer changed files), so this
              can slow things down significantly.

              The sending side generates its checksums while it is  doing  the
              file-system  scan  that  builds the list of the available files.
              The receiver generates its checksums when  it  is  scanning  for
              changed files, and will checksum any file that has the same size
              as the corresponding sender's file:  files with either a changed
              size or a changed checksum are selected for transfer.

              Note  that  rsync always verifies that each transferred file was
              correctly reconstructed on the  receiving  side  by  checking  a
              whole-file  checksum  that  is  generated  as the file is trans-
              ferred, but that automatic after-the-transfer  verification  has
              nothing  to do with this option's before-the-transfer "Does this
              file need to be updated?" check.

              For protocol 30 and  beyond  (first  supported  in  3.0.0),  the
              checksum used is MD5.  For older protocols, the checksum used is
              MD4.

       -a, --archive
              This is equivalent to -rlptgoD. It is a quick way of saying  you
              want  recursion  and want to preserve almost everything (with -H
              being a notable omission).  The  only  exception  to  the  above
              equivalence  is when --files-from is specified, in which case -r
              is not implied.

              Note that -a does not preserve hardlinks, because finding multi-
              ply-linked files is expensive.  You must separately specify -H.

       --no-OPTION
              You  may  turn  off one or more implied options by prefixing the
              option name with "no-".  Not all options may be prefixed with  a
              "no-":  only  options  that  are  implied by other options (e.g.
              --no-D, --no-perms) or have different defaults in  various  cir-
              cumstances  (e.g. --no-whole-file, --no-blocking-io, --no-dirs).
              You may specify either the short or the long option  name  after
              the "no-" prefix (e.g. --no-R is the same as --no-relative).

              For example: if you want to use -a (--archive) but don't want -o
              (--owner), instead of converting  -a  into  -rlptgD,  you  could
              specify -a --no-o (or -a --no-owner).

              The  order  of  the options is important:  if you specify --no-r
              -a, the -r option would end up being turned on, the opposite  of
              -a  --no-r.  Note also that the side-effects of the --files-from
              option are NOT positional, as it affects the  default  state  of
              several  options and slightly changes the meaning of -a (see the
              --files-from option for more details).

       -r, --recursive
              This tells rsync to  copy  directories  recursively.   See  also
              --dirs (-d).

              Beginning  with rsync 3.0.0, the recursive algorithm used is now
              an incremental scan that uses much less memory than  before  and
              begins the transfer after the scanning of the first few directo-
              ries have been completed.  This incremental  scan  only  affects
              our  recursion  algorithm,  and  does not change a non-recursive
              transfer.  It is also only possible when both ends of the trans-
              fer are at least version 3.0.0.

              Some  options require rsync to know the full file list, so these
              options disable the incremental recursion mode.  These  include:
              --delete-before,  --delete-after,  --prune-empty-dirs, and --de-
              lay-updates.  Because of this, the default delete mode when  you
              specify  --delete  is  now --delete-during when both ends of the
              connection are at least 3.0.0 (use --del or  --delete-during  to
              request  this  improved deletion mode explicitly).  See also the
              --delete-delay  option  that  is  a  better  choice  than  using
              --delete-after.

              Incremental  recursion can be disabled using the --no-inc-recur-
              sive option or its shorter --no-i-r alias.

       -R, --relative
              Use relative paths. This means that the full path  names  speci-
              fied on the command line are sent to the server rather than just
              the last parts of the filenames.  This  is  particularly  useful
              when  you want to send several different directories at the same
              time. For example, if you used this command:

                 rsync -av /foo/bar/baz.c remote:/tmp/

              ... this would create a file named baz.c in /tmp/ on the  remote
              machine. If instead you used

                 rsync -avR /foo/bar/baz.c remote:/tmp/

              then a file named /tmp/foo/bar/baz.c would be created on the re-
              mote machine, preserving its full path.  These extra  path  ele-
              ments  are  called "implied directories" (i.e. the "foo" and the
              "foo/bar" directories in the above example).

              Beginning with rsync 3.0.0, rsync always sends these implied di-
              rectories  as  real directories in the file list, even if a path
              element is really a symlink on the sending side.  This  prevents
              some really unexpected behaviors when copying the full path of a
              file that you didn't realize had a symlink in its path.  If  you
              want  to  duplicate a server-side symlink, include both the sym-
              link via its path, and referent directory via its real path.  If
              you're  dealing with an older rsync on the sending side, you may
              need to use the --no-implied-dirs option.

              It is also possible to limit the amount of path information that
              is  sent as implied directories for each path you specify.  With
              a modern rsync on the sending side (beginning with  2.6.7),  you
              can insert a dot and a slash into the source path, like this:

                 rsync -avR /foo/./bar/baz.c remote:/tmp/

              That  would  create /tmp/bar/baz.c on the remote machine.  (Note
              that the dot must be followed by a slash, so "/foo/." would  not
              be  abbreviated.)   For  older rsync versions, you would need to
              use a chdir to limit the source path.  For example, when pushing
              files:

                 (cd /foo; rsync -avR bar/baz.c remote:/tmp/)

              (Note  that the parens put the two commands into a sub-shell, so
              that the "cd" command doesn't remain in effect for  future  com-
              mands.)   If  you're pulling files from an older rsync, use this
              idiom (but only for a non-daemon transfer):

                 rsync -avR --rsync-path="cd /foo; rsync" \
                     remote:bar/baz.c /tmp/

       --no-implied-dirs
              This option affects the default behavior of the  --relative  op-
              tion.   When  it is specified, the attributes of the implied di-
              rectories from the source names are not included in  the  trans-
              fer.   This  means  that  the corresponding path elements on the
              destination system are left unchanged if  they  exist,  and  any
              missing implied directories are created with default attributes.
              This even allows these implied path elements to have big differ-
              ences,  such  as being a symlink to a directory on the receiving
              side.

              For instance, if a command-line arg or a files-from  entry  told
              rsync  to  transfer  the  file  "path/foo/file", the directories
              "path" and "path/foo" are implied when --relative is  used.   If
              "path/foo"  is a symlink to "bar" on the destination system, the
              receiving rsync would ordinarily delete "path/foo", recreate  it
              as  a  directory,  and  receive the file into the new directory.
              With   --no-implied-dirs,   the    receiving    rsync    updates
              "path/foo/file"  using  the  existing path elements, which means
              that the file ends up being created in "path/bar".  Another  way
              to   accomplish   this   link   preservation   is   to  use  the
              --keep-dirlinks option (which will also affect symlinks  to  di-
              rectories in the rest of the transfer).

              When  pulling files from an rsync older than 3.0.0, you may need
              to use this option if the sending side has a symlink in the path
              you  request  and  you wish the implied directories to be trans-
              ferred as normal directories.

       -b, --backup
              With this option, preexisting destination files are  renamed  as
              each  file is transferred or deleted.  You can control where the
              backup file goes and what (if any) suffix  gets  appended  using
              the --backup-dir and --suffix options.

              Note   that   if   you   don't  specify  --backup-dir,  (1)  the
              --omit-dir-times option will be forced on, and (2)  if  --delete
              is  also in effect (without --delete-excluded), rsync will add a
              "protect" filter-rule for the backup suffix to the  end  of  all
              your existing excludes (e.g. -f "P *~").  This will prevent pre-
              viously backed-up files from being deleted.  Note  that  if  you
              are  supplying  your  own filter rules, you may need to manually
              insert your own exclude/protect rule somewhere higher up in  the
              list  so  that  it  has  a  high enough priority to be effective
              (e.g., if your rules specify a trailing  inclusion/exclusion  of
              '*', the auto-added rule would never be reached).

       --backup-dir=DIR
              In  combination  with  the  --backup option, this tells rsync to
              store all backups in the specified directory  on  the  receiving
              side.   This can be used for incremental backups.  You can addi-
              tionally specify a backup suffix using the --suffix option (oth-
              erwise  the files backed up in the specified directory will keep
              their original filenames).

              Note that if you specify a relative path, the  backup  directory
              will  be  relative to the destination directory, so you probably
              want to specify either an absolute path or a  path  that  starts
              with  "../".  If an rsync daemon is the receiver, the backup dir
              cannot go outside the module's path  hierarchy,  so  take  extra
              care not to delete it or copy into it.

       --suffix=SUFFIX
              This  option  allows  you  to override the default backup suffix
              used with the --backup (-b) option. The default suffix is a ~ if
              no --backup-dir was specified, otherwise it is an empty string.

       -u, --update
              This  forces rsync to skip any files which exist on the destina-
              tion and have a modified time that  is  newer  than  the  source
              file.   (If an existing destination file has a modification time
              equal to the source file's, it will be updated if the sizes  are
              different.)

              Note that this does not affect the copying of dirs, symlinks, or
              other special files.  Also, a difference of file format  between
              the  sender  and  receiver  is always considered to be important
              enough for an update, no matter what date is on the objects.  In
              other words, if the source has a directory where the destination
              has a file, the transfer would occur  regardless  of  the  time-
              stamps.

              This  option  is  a transfer rule, not an exclude, so it doesn't
              affect the data that goes  into  the  file-lists,  and  thus  it
              doesn't affect deletions.  It just limits the files that the re-
              ceiver requests to be transferred.

       --inplace
              This option changes how rsync transfers a  file  when  its  data
              needs to be updated: instead of the default method of creating a
              new copy of the file and moving it into place when  it  is  com-
              plete,  rsync  instead  writes  the updated data directly to the
              destination file.

              This has several effects:

              o      Hard links are not broken.  This means the new data  will
                     be  visible  through  other hard links to the destination
                     file.  Moreover, attempts to copy differing source  files
                     onto  a multiply-linked destination file will result in a
                     "tug of war" with the destination data changing back  and
                     forth.

              o      In-use  binaries  cannot  be  updated (either the OS will
                     prevent this from happening, or binaries that attempt  to
                     swap-in their data will misbehave or crash).

              o      The  file's  data will be in an inconsistent state during
                     the transfer and will be left that way if the transfer is
                     interrupted or if an update fails.

              o      A  file  that  rsync  cannot  write to cannot be updated.
                     While a super user can update any  file,  a  normal  user
                     needs  to be granted write permission for the open of the
                     file for writing to be successful.

              o      The efficiency of rsync's delta-transfer algorithm may be
                     reduced if some data in the destination file is overwrit-
                     ten before it can be copied to a position  later  in  the
                     file.   This  does  not  apply if you use --backup, since
                     rsync is smart enough to use the backup file as the basis
                     file for the transfer.

              WARNING: you should not use this option to update files that are
              being accessed by others, so be careful  when  choosing  to  use
              this for a copy.

              This   option  is  useful  for  transferring  large  files  with
              block-based changes or appended data, and also on  systems  that
              are  disk  bound,  not  network  bound.  It can also help keep a
              copy-on-write filesystem snapshot from diverging the entire con-
              tents of a file that only has minor changes.

              The option implies --partial (since an interrupted transfer does
              not delete the file), but conflicts with --partial-dir and --de-
              lay-updates.  Prior to rsync 2.6.4 --inplace was also incompati-
              ble with --compare-dest and --link-dest.

       --append
              This causes rsync to update a file by appending  data  onto  the
              end  of  the file, which presumes that the data that already ex-
              ists on the receiving side is identical with the  start  of  the
              file on the sending side.  If a file needs to be transferred and
              its size on the receiver is the same or longer than the size  on
              the  sender,  the file is skipped.  This does not interfere with
              the updating of a file's non-content  attributes  (e.g.  permis-
              sions, ownership, etc.) when the file does not need to be trans-
              ferred, nor does it  affect  the  updating  of  any  non-regular
              files.  Implies --inplace.

              The  use  of  --append  can be dangerous if you aren't 100% sure
              that the files that are longer have only grown by the  appending
              of  data onto the end.  You should thus use include/exclude/fil-
              ter rules to ensure that such a transfer is only affecting files
              that you know to be growing via appended data.

       --append-verify
              This  works just like the --append option, but the existing data
              on the receiving side is included in the full-file checksum ver-
              ification  step, which will cause a file to be resent if the fi-
              nal verification step fails (rsync uses a normal,  non-appending
              --inplace transfer for the resend).

              Note:  prior  to  rsync  3.0.0,  the --append option worked like
              --append-verify, so if you are interacting with an  older  rsync
              (or  the  transfer  is using a protocol prior to 30), specifying
              either append option will initiate an --append-verify transfer.

       -d, --dirs
              Tell the sending side to include any directories  that  are  en-
              countered.   Unlike  --recursive, a directory's contents are not
              copied unless the directory name specified is "." or ends with a
              trailing  slash (e.g. ".", "dir/.", "dir/", etc.).  Without this
              option or the --recursive option, rsync will skip  all  directo-
              ries it encounters (and output a message to that effect for each
              one).  If you specify both --dirs and  --recursive,  --recursive
              takes precedence.

              The  --dirs  option is implied by the --files-from option or the
              --list-only option (including an implied --list-only  usage)  if
              --recursive  wasn't  specified  (so that directories are seen in
              the listing).  Specify --no-dirs (or --no-d) if you want to turn
              this off.

              There is also a backward-compatibility helper option, --old-dirs
              (or --old-d) that tells  rsync  to  use  a  hack  of  "-r  --ex-
              clude='/*/*'"  to  get an older rsync to list a single directory
              without recursing.

       -l, --links
              When symlinks are encountered, recreate the symlink on the  des-
              tination.

       -L, --copy-links
              When  symlinks are encountered, the item that they point to (the
              referent) is copied, rather than the symlink.  In older versions
              of  rsync,  this  option also had the side-effect of telling the
              receiving side to follow symlinks, such as symlinks to  directo-
              ries.   In a modern rsync such as this one, you'll need to spec-
              ify --keep-dirlinks (-K) to get this extra behavior.   The  only
              exception  is  when sending files to an rsync that is too old to
              understand -K -- in that case, the -L option will still have the
              side-effect of -K on that older receiving rsync.

       --copy-unsafe-links
              This  tells  rsync  to  copy the referent of symbolic links that
              point outside the  copied  tree.   Absolute  symlinks  are  also
              treated  like  ordinary  files,  and  so are any symlinks in the
              source path itself when --relative is used.  This option has  no
              additional effect if --copy-links was also specified.

       --safe-links
              This  tells  rsync to ignore any symbolic links which point out-
              side the copied tree. All absolute symlinks  are  also  ignored.
              Using  this option in conjunction with --relative may give unex-
              pected results.

       --munge-links
              This option tells rsync to (1) modify all symlinks  on  the  re-
              ceiving  side  in a way that makes them unusable but recoverable
              (see below), or (2) to unmunge symlinks on the sending side that
              had  been stored in a munged state.  This is useful if you don't
              quite trust the source of the data to not try to slip in a  sym-
              link to a unexpected place.

              The way rsync disables the use of symlinks is to prefix each one
              with the string "/rsyncd-munged/".  This prevents the links from
              being  used as long as that directory does not exist.  When this
              option is enabled, rsync will refuse to run if that  path  is  a
              directory or a symlink to a directory.

              The  option  only affects the client side of the transfer, so if
              you need it to affect the server, specify  it  via  --remote-op-
              tion.   (Note  that  in a local transfer, the client side is the
              sender.)

              This option has no affect on a daemon, since the daemon  config-
              ures  whether  it wants munged symlinks via its "munge symlinks"
              parameter.  See also the "munge-symlinks"  perl  script  in  the
              support directory of the source code.

       -k, --copy-dirlinks
              This  option causes the sending side to treat a symlink to a di-
              rectory as though it were a real directory.  This is  useful  if
              you  don't  want  symlinks to non-directories to be affected, as
              they would be using --copy-links.

              Without this option, if the sending side has replaced  a  direc-
              tory  with  a  symlink  to  a directory, the receiving side will
              delete anything that is in the way of the new symlink, including
              a  directory hierarchy (as long as --force or --delete is in ef-
              fect).

              See also --keep-dirlinks for an analogous option for the receiv-
              ing side.

              --copy-dirlinks  applies  to  all symlinks to directories in the
              source.  If you want to follow only a few specified symlinks,  a
              trick you can use is to pass them as additional source args with
              a trailing slash, using --relative to make the  paths  match  up
              right.  For example:

              rsync -r --relative src/./ src/./follow-me/ dest/

              This  works  because  rsync  calls lstat(2) on the source arg as
              given, and the trailing slash makes lstat(2) follow the symlink,
              giving  rise to a directory in the file-list which overrides the
              symlink found during the scan of "src/./".

       -K, --keep-dirlinks
              This option causes the receiving side to treat a  symlink  to  a
              directory  as  though  it  were a real directory, but only if it
              matches a real directory from the sender.  Without this  option,
              the receiver's symlink would be deleted and replaced with a real
              directory.

              For example, suppose you transfer a directory  "foo"  that  con-
              tains  a  file "file", but "foo" is a symlink to directory "bar"
              on the receiver.  Without --keep-dirlinks, the receiver  deletes
              symlink  "foo",  recreates  it  as a directory, and receives the
              file into the new directory.  With --keep-dirlinks, the receiver
              keeps the symlink and "file" ends up in "bar".

              One note of caution:  if you use --keep-dirlinks, you must trust
              all the symlinks in the copy!  If it  is  possible  for  an  un-
              trusted  user  to create their own symlink to any directory, the
              user could then (on a subsequent copy) replace the symlink  with
              a  real  directory  and affect the content of whatever directory
              the symlink references.  For backup copies, you are  better  off
              using something like a bind mount instead of a symlink to modify
              your receiving hierarchy.

              See also --copy-dirlinks for an analogous option for the sending
              side.

       -H, --hard-links
              This tells rsync to look for hard-linked files in the source and
              link together the corresponding files on the destination.  With-
              out  this option, hard-linked files in the source are treated as
              though they were separate files.

              This option does NOT necessarily ensure that the pattern of hard
              links  on  the  destination  exactly matches that on the source.
              Cases in which the destination may end up with extra hard  links
              include the following:

              o      If  the  destination contains extraneous hard-links (more
                     linking than what is present in the  source  file  list),
                     the  copying  algorithm  will  not break them explicitly.
                     However, if one or more of the paths have content differ-
                     ences,  the  normal  file-update process will break those
                     extra links (unless you are using the --inplace option).

              o      If you specify a --link-dest directory that contains hard
                     links,  the  linking of the destination files against the
                     --link-dest files can cause some paths in the destination
                     to become linked together due to the --link-dest associa-
                     tions.

              Note that rsync can only detect hard links  between  files  that
              are  inside  the transfer set.  If rsync updates a file that has
              extra hard-link connections to files outside the transfer,  that
              linkage will be broken.  If you are tempted to use the --inplace
              option to avoid this breakage, be very careful that you know how
              your files are being updated so that you are certain that no un-
              intended changes happen due to lingering hard links (and see the
              --inplace option for more caveats).

              If  incremental recursion is active (see --recursive), rsync may
              transfer a missing hard-linked file before it finds that another
              link  for that contents exists elsewhere in the hierarchy.  This
              does not affect the accuracy of the transfer (i.e.  which  files
              are hard-linked together), just its efficiency (i.e. copying the
              data for a new, early copy of a hard-linked file that could have
              been  found  later  in  the  transfer  in  another member of the
              hard-linked set of files).  One way to avoid  this  inefficiency
              is to disable incremental recursion using the --no-inc-recursive
              option.

       -p, --perms
              This option causes the receiving rsync to  set  the  destination
              permissions to be the same as the source permissions.  (See also
              the --chmod option for a way to modify what rsync  considers  to
              be the source permissions.)

              When this option is off, permissions are set as follows:

              o      Existing files (including updated files) retain their ex-
                     isting permissions,  though  the  --executability  option
                     might change just the execute permission for the file.

              o      New  files  get their "normal" permission bits set to the
                     source file's permissions masked with the  receiving  di-
                     rectory's   default  permissions  (either  the  receiving
                     process's umask, or the  permissions  specified  via  the
                     destination  directory's  default ACL), and their special
                     permission bits disabled except in the case where  a  new
                     directory  inherits  a  setgid bit from its parent direc-
                     tory.

              Thus,  when  --perms  and  --executability  are  both  disabled,
              rsync's  behavior  is the same as that of other file-copy utili-
              ties, such as cp(1) and tar(1).

              In summary: to give destination files (both  old  and  new)  the
              source permissions, use --perms.  To give new files the destina-
              tion-default  permissions  (while  leaving  existing  files  un-
              changed),  make  sure  that  the  --perms  option is off and use
              --chmod=ugo=rwX (which ensures that all non-masked bits get  en-
              abled).   If  you'd  care to make this latter behavior easier to
              type, you could define a popt alias for it, such as putting this
              line  in  the file ~/.popt (the following defines the -Z option,
              and includes --no-g to use the default group of the  destination
              dir):

                 rsync alias -Z --no-p --no-g --chmod=ugo=rwX

              You  could  then  use  this new option in a command such as this
              one:

                 rsync -avZ src/ dest/

              (Caveat: make sure that -a does not follow -Z, or it will re-en-
              able the two "--no-*" options mentioned above.)

              The  preservation  of the destination's setgid bit on newly-cre-
              ated directories when --perms is off was added in  rsync  2.6.7.
              Older  rsync  versions  erroneously  preserved the three special
              permission bits for newly-created files when  --perms  was  off,
              while  overriding  the  destination's  setgid  bit  setting on a
              newly-created directory.  Default ACL observance  was  added  to
              the  ACL  patch  for  rsync 2.6.7, so older (or non-ACL-enabled)
              rsyncs use the umask even if default ACLs are present.  (Keep in
              mind  that it is the version of the receiving rsync that affects
              these behaviors.)

       -E, --executability
              This option causes  rsync  to  preserve  the  executability  (or
              non-executability) of regular files when --perms is not enabled.
              A regular file is considered to be executable if  at  least  one
              'x'  is turned on in its permissions.  When an existing destina-
              tion file's executability differs from that of the corresponding
              source  file,  rsync modifies the destination file's permissions
              as follows:

              o      To make a file non-executable, rsync turns  off  all  its
                     'x' permissions.

              o      To  make  a file executable, rsync turns on each 'x' per-
                     mission that has a corresponding 'r' permission enabled.

              If --perms is enabled, this option is ignored.

       -A, --acls
              This option causes rsync to update the destination  ACLs  to  be
              the same as the source ACLs.  The option also implies --perms.

              The  source and destination systems must have compatible ACL en-
              tries for this option to work properly.   See  the  --fake-super
              option for a way to backup and restore ACLs that are not compat-
              ible.

       -X, --xattrs
              This option causes rsync to update the destination extended  at-
              tributes to be the same as the source ones.

              For  systems  that support extended-attribute namespaces, a copy
              being done by a super-user copies  all  namespaces  except  sys-
              tem.*.   A  normal user only copies the user.* namespace.  To be
              able to backup and restore non-user namespaces as a normal user,
              see the --fake-super option.

              The  above name filtering can be overridden by using one or more
              filter  options  with  the  x  modifier.  When  you  specify  an
              xattr-affecting filter rule, rsync requires that you do your own
              system/user filtering, as well as any additional  filtering  for
              what  xattr  names  are  copied and what names are allowed to be
              deleted.  For example, to skip the system namespace,  you  could
              specify:

              --filter='-x system.*'

              To  skip  all  namespaces  except  the user namespace, you could
              specify a negated-user match:

              --filter='-x! user.*'

              To prevent any attributes from being deleted, you could  specify
              a receiver-only rule that excludes all names:

              --filter='-xr *'

              Note that the -X option does not copy rsync's special xattr val-
              ues (e.g.  those used by --fake-super) unless you repeat the op-
              tion  (e.g.  -XX).   This  "copy all xattrs" mode cannot be used
              with --fake-super.

       --chmod
              This option tells rsync to apply  one  or  more  comma-separated
              "chmod"  modes  to  the permission of the files in the transfer.
              The resulting value is treated as though it were the permissions
              that  the  sending  side supplied for the file, which means that
              this option can seem to have no  effect  on  existing  files  if
              --perms is not enabled.

              In  addition  to  the  normal  parsing  rules  specified  in the
              chmod(1) manpage, you can specify an item that should only apply
              to  a  directory  by prefixing it with a 'D', or specify an item
              that should only apply to a file by prefixing  it  with  a  'F'.
              For  example, the following will ensure that all directories get
              marked set-gid, that no files are other-writable, that both  are
              user-writable  and group-writable, and that both have consistent
              executability across all bits:

              --chmod=Dg+s,ug+w,Fo-w,+X

              Using octal mode numbers is also allowed:

              --chmod=D2775,F664

              It is also legal to specify multiple --chmod  options,  as  each
              additional  option  is  just  appended to the list of changes to
              make.

              See the --perms and --executability options for how the  result-
              ing  permission  value can be applied to the files in the trans-
              fer.

       -o, --owner
              This option causes rsync to set the  owner  of  the  destination
              file  to be the same as the source file, but only if the receiv-
              ing rsync is being run as the super-user (see also  the  --super
              and  --fake-super  options).   Without this option, the owner of
              new and/or transferred files are set to the invoking user on the
              receiving side.

              The  preservation  of ownership will associate matching names by
              default, but may fall back to using the ID number in  some  cir-
              cumstances (see also the --numeric-ids option for a full discus-
              sion).

       -g, --group
              This option causes rsync to set the  group  of  the  destination
              file  to  be the same as the source file.  If the receiving pro-
              gram is not running as the  super-user  (or  if  --no-super  was
              specified),  only groups that the invoking user on the receiving
              side is a member of will be preserved.  Without this option, the
              group  is  set  to the default group of the invoking user on the
              receiving side.

              The preservation of group information  will  associate  matching
              names  by  default,  but may fall back to using the ID number in
              some circumstances (see also the --numeric-ids option for a full
              discussion).

       --devices
              This  option causes rsync to transfer character and block device
              files to the remote system to recreate these devices.  This  op-
              tion  has no effect if the receiving rsync is not run as the su-
              per-user (see also the --super and --fake-super options).

       --specials
              This option causes rsync to transfer special files such as named
              sockets and fifos.

       -D     The -D option is equivalent to --devices --specials.

       -t, --times
              This  tells  rsync to transfer modification times along with the
              files and update them on the remote system.  Note that  if  this
              option  is  not  used, the optimization that excludes files that
              have not been modified cannot be effective; in  other  words,  a
              missing -t or -a will cause the next transfer to behave as if it
              used -I,  causing  all  files  to  be  updated  (though  rsync's
              delta-transfer  algorithm  will make the update fairly efficient
              if the files haven't actually changed, you're  much  better  off
              using -t).

       -O, --omit-dir-times
              This tells rsync to omit directories when it is preserving modi-
              fication times (see --times).  If NFS is sharing the directories
              on the receiving side, it is a good idea to use -O.  This option
              is inferred if you use --backup without --backup-dir.

              This option also has the side-effect of avoiding early  creation
              of  directories  in  incremental  recursion copies.  The default
              --inc-recursive copying normally does an  early-create  pass  of
              all the sub-directories in a parent directory in order for it to
              be able to then set the modify  time  of  the  parent  directory
              right away (without having to delay that until a bunch of recur-
              sive copying has finished).  This early-create idiom is not nec-
              essary  if directory modify times are not being preserved, so it
              is skipped.  Since early-create directories don't have  accurate
              mode,  mtime, or ownership, the use of this option can help when
              someone wants to avoid these partially-finished directories.

       -J, --omit-link-times
              This tells rsync to omit symlinks when it is preserving  modifi-
              cation times (see --times).

       --super
              This  tells  the receiving side to attempt super-user activities
              even if the receiving rsync wasn't run by the super-user.  These
              activities  include:  preserving  users  via the --owner option,
              preserving all groups (not just the current user's  groups)  via
              the  --groups  option, and copying devices via the --devices op-
              tion.  This is useful for systems  that  allow  such  activities
              without  being  the  super-user,  and also for ensuring that you
              will get errors if the receiving side isn't being run as the su-
              per-user.  To turn off super-user activities, the super-user can
              use --no-super.

       --fake-super
              When this option is enabled, rsync simulates super-user  activi-
              ties  by  saving/restoring the privileged attributes via special
              extended attributes that are attached to each file (as  needed).
              This  includes  the file's owner and group (if it is not the de-
              fault), the file's device info (device & special files are  cre-
              ated as empty text files), and any permission bits that we won't
              allow to be set on the real  file  (e.g.   the  real  file  gets
              u-s,g-s,o-t  for  safety) or that would limit the owner's access
              (since the real super-user can always access/change a file,  the
              files  we  create can always be accessed/changed by the creating
              user).  This option also handles ACLs (if --acls was  specified)
              and non-user extended attributes (if --xattrs was specified).

              This  is  a  good way to backup data without using a super-user,
              and to store ACLs from incompatible systems.

              The --fake-super option only affects the side where  the  option
              is  used.   To  affect the remote side of a remote-shell connec-
              tion, use the --remote-option (-M) option:

                rsync -av -M--fake-super /src/ host:/dest/

              For a local copy, this option affects both the  source  and  the
              destination.   If  you  wish  a local copy to enable this option
              just for the destination files, specify -M--fake-super.  If  you
              wish  a  local  copy  to  enable this option just for the source
              files, combine --fake-super with -M--super.

              This option is overridden by both --super and --no-super.

              See also the "fake super" setting in  the  daemon's  rsyncd.conf
              file.

       -S, --sparse
              Try  to  handle  sparse  files  efficiently so they take up less
              space on the destination.  If combined with --inplace  the  file
              created  might  not end up with sparse blocks with some combina-
              tions of kernel version and/or filesystem type.  If --whole-file
              is  in  effect  (e.g. for a local copy) then it will always work
              because rsync truncates the file prior to writing  out  the  up-
              dated version.

              Note  that  versions  of  rsync older than 3.1.3 will reject the
              combination of --sparse and --inplace.

       --preallocate
              This tells the receiver to allocate each destination file to its
              eventual  size before writing data to the file.  Rsync will only
              use the real filesystem-level preallocation support provided  by
              Linux's fallocate(2) system call or Cygwin's posix_fallocate(3),
              not the slow glibc implementation that writes a null  byte  into
              each block.

              Without this option, larger files may not be entirely contiguous
              on the filesystem, but with this option rsync will probably copy
              more  slowly.   If  the  destination is not an extent-supporting
              filesystem (such as ext4, xfs, NTFS, etc.), this option may have
              no positive effect at all.

              If combined with --sparse, the file will only have sparse blocks
              (as opposed to allocated sequences of null bytes) if the  kernel
              version  and filesystem type support creating holes in the allo-
              cated data.

       -n, --dry-run
              This makes rsync perform a  trial  run  that  doesn't  make  any
              changes (and produces mostly the same output as a real run).  It
              is most commonly used in  combination  with  the  -v,  --verbose
              and/or  -i,  --itemize-changes options to see what an rsync com-
              mand is going to do before one actually runs it.

              The output of --itemize-changes is supposed to  be  exactly  the
              same on a dry run and a subsequent real run (barring intentional
              trickery and system call failures); if it isn't, that's  a  bug.
              Other  output should be mostly unchanged, but may differ in some
              areas.  Notably, a dry run does not send  the  actual  data  for
              file  transfers,  so --progress has no effect, the "bytes sent",
              "bytes received", "literal data", and "matched data"  statistics
              are  too  small,  and the "speedup" value is equivalent to a run
              where no file transfers were needed.

       -W, --whole-file
              This option disables  rsync's  delta-transfer  algorithm,  which
              causes all transferred files to be sent whole.  The transfer may
              be faster if this option is used when the bandwidth between  the
              source  and destination machines is higher than the bandwidth to
              disk  (especially  when  the  "disk"  is  actually  a  networked
              filesystem).   This is the default when both the source and des-
              tination  are  specified  as  local  paths,  but  only   if   no
              batch-writing option is in effect.

       --checksum-choice=STR
              This  option overrides the checksum algoriths.  If one algorithm
              name is specified, it is used for both  the  transfer  checksums
              and (assuming --checksum is specifed) the pre-transfer checksum-
              ming. If two comma-separated names are supplied, the first  name
              affects  the transfer checksums, and the second name affects the
              pre-transfer checksumming.

              The algorithm choices are "auto", "md4", "md5", and "none".   If
              "none"  is specified for the first name, the --whole-file option
              is forced on and no checksum verification is  performed  on  the
              transferred  data.   If "none" is specified for the second name,
              the --checksum option cannot be used. The "auto" option  is  the
              default,  where rsync bases its algorithm choice on the protocol
              version (for backward compatibility with older rsync versions).

       -x, --one-file-system
              This tells rsync to avoid crossing a  filesystem  boundary  when
              recursing.   This  does  not limit the user's ability to specify
              items to copy from multiple filesystems, just rsync's  recursion
              through the hierarchy of each directory that the user specified,
              and also the analogous recursion on the  receiving  side  during
              deletion.  Also keep in mind that rsync treats a "bind" mount to
              the same device as being on the same filesystem.

              If this option is repeated, rsync omits all mount-point directo-
              ries  from  the copy.  Otherwise, it includes an empty directory
              at each mount-point it encounters (using the attributes  of  the
              mounted  directory  because  those of the underlying mount-point
              directory are inaccessible).

              If rsync has been told to collapse symlinks (via --copy-links or
              --copy-unsafe-links), a symlink to a directory on another device
              is treated like a mount-point.  Symlinks to non-directories  are
              unaffected by this option.

       --existing, --ignore-non-existing
              This  tells rsync to skip creating files (including directories)
              that do not exist yet on the destination.   If  this  option  is
              combined with the --ignore-existing option, no files will be up-
              dated (which can be useful if all you want to do is  delete  ex-
              traneous files).

              This  option  is  a transfer rule, not an exclude, so it doesn't
              affect the data that goes  into  the  file-lists,  and  thus  it
              doesn't affect deletions.  It just limits the files that the re-
              ceiver requests to be transferred.

       --ignore-existing
              This tells rsync to skip updating files that  already  exist  on
              the  destination  (this does not ignore existing directories, or
              nothing would get done).  See also --existing.

              This option is a transfer rule, not an exclude,  so  it  doesn't
              affect  the  data  that  goes  into  the file-lists, and thus it
              doesn't affect deletions.  It just limits the files that the re-
              ceiver requests to be transferred.

              This  option  can  be  useful  for those doing backups using the
              --link-dest option when they need to continue a backup run  that
              got  interrupted.   Since a --link-dest run is copied into a new
              directory hierarchy (when it is used properly),  using  --ignore
              existing  will  ensure  that the already-handled files don't get
              tweaked (which avoids a change in permissions on the hard-linked
              files).   This does mean that this option is only looking at the
              existing files in the destination hierarchy itself.

       --remove-source-files
              This tells rsync to remove  from  the  sending  side  the  files
              (meaning  non-directories)  that  are a part of the transfer and
              have been successfully duplicated on the receiving side.

              Note that you should only use this option on source  files  that
              are quiescent.  If you are using this to move files that show up
              in a particular directory over to another host, make  sure  that
              the  finished  files  get renamed into the source directory, not
              directly written into it, so that rsync can't possibly  transfer
              a  file that is not yet fully written.  If you can't first write
              the files into a different directory, you should  use  a  naming
              idiom  that lets rsync avoid transferring files that are not yet
              finished (e.g. name the file "foo.new" when it is  written,  re-
              name  it to "foo" when it is done, and then use the option --ex-
              clude='*.new' for the rsync transfer).

              Starting with 3.1.0, rsync will  skip  the  sender-side  removal
              (and  output an error) if the file's size or modify time has not
              stayed unchanged.

       --delete
              This tells rsync to delete extraneous files from  the  receiving
              side  (ones  that  aren't on the sending side), but only for the
              directories that are being synchronized.  You  must  have  asked
              rsync to send the whole directory (e.g. "dir" or "dir/") without
              using a wildcard for the  directory's  contents  (e.g.  "dir/*")
              since  the wildcard is expanded by the shell and rsync thus gets
              a request to transfer individual files, not  the  files'  parent
              directory.   Files  that are excluded from the transfer are also
              excluded from being deleted unless you use the --delete-excluded
              option  or  mark  the rules as only matching on the sending side
              (see the include/exclude modifiers in the FILTER RULES section).

              Prior to rsync 2.6.7, this option would have  no  effect  unless
              --recursive  was  enabled.  Beginning with 2.6.7, deletions will
              also occur when --dirs (-d) is enabled, but only for directories
              whose contents are being copied.

              This  option can be dangerous if used incorrectly!  It is a very
              good idea to first try a run using the --dry-run option (-n)  to
              see what files are going to be deleted.

              If the sending side detects any I/O errors, then the deletion of
              any files at the destination  will  be  automatically  disabled.
              This  is  to  prevent temporary filesystem failures (such as NFS
              errors) on the sending side from causing a massive  deletion  of
              files  on the destination.  You can override this with the --ig-
              nore-errors option.

              The  --delete  option  may  be  combined   with   one   of   the
              --delete-WHEN  options without conflict, as well as --delete-ex-
              cluded.  However, if none of the --delete-WHEN options are spec-
              ified,  rsync  will  choose  the  --delete-during algorithm when
              talking to rsync 3.0.0 or newer, and the  --delete-before  algo-
              rithm  when  talking to an older rsync.  See also --delete-delay
              and --delete-after.

       --delete-before
              Request that the file-deletions on the receiving  side  be  done
              before the transfer starts.  See --delete (which is implied) for
              more details on file-deletion.

              Deleting before the transfer is helpful  if  the  filesystem  is
              tight for space and removing extraneous files would help to make
              the transfer possible.  However, it does introduce a  delay  be-
              fore  the  start of the transfer, and this delay might cause the
              transfer to timeout  (if  --timeout  was  specified).   It  also
              forces rsync to use the old, non-incremental recursion algorithm
              that requires rsync to scan all the files in the  transfer  into
              memory at once (see --recursive).

       --delete-during, --del
              Request  that  the  file-deletions on the receiving side be done
              incrementally as the transfer happens.  The per-directory delete
              scan is done right before each directory is checked for updates,
              so it behaves like a more efficient  --delete-before,  including
              doing  the deletions prior to any per-directory filter files be-
              ing updated.  This option  was  first  added  in  rsync  version
              2.6.4.   See  --delete  (which  is  implied) for more details on
              file-deletion.

       --delete-delay
              Request that the file-deletions on the receiving  side  be  com-
              puted  during  the transfer (like --delete-during), and then re-
              moved after the transfer completes.  This is  useful  when  com-
              bined with --delay-updates and/or --fuzzy, and is more efficient
              than using --delete-after (but  can  behave  differently,  since
              --delete-after  computes  the deletions in a separate pass after
              all updates are done).  If the number of removed files overflows
              an  internal buffer, a temporary file will be created on the re-
              ceiving side to hold the names (it is removed while open, so you
              shouldn't  see  it during the transfer).  If the creation of the
              temporary file fails, rsync will  try  to  fall  back  to  using
              --delete-after  (which  it  cannot do if --recursive is doing an
              incremental scan).  See --delete (which is implied) for more de-
              tails on file-deletion.

       --delete-after
              Request  that  the  file-deletions on the receiving side be done
              after the transfer has completed.  This is  useful  if  you  are
              sending  new per-directory merge files as a part of the transfer
              and you want their exclusions to  take  effect  for  the  delete
              phase  of the current transfer.  It also forces rsync to use the
              old, non-incremental recursion algorithm that requires rsync  to
              scan  all  the  files  in  the transfer into memory at once (see
              --recursive).  See --delete (which is implied) for more  details
              on file-deletion.

       --delete-excluded
              In addition to deleting the files on the receiving side that are
              not on the sending side, this tells rsync  to  also  delete  any
              files  on  the receiving side that are excluded (see --exclude).
              See the FILTER RULES section for a way to make individual exclu-
              sions  behave this way on the receiver, and for a way to protect
              files from --delete-excluded.  See --delete (which  is  implied)
              for more details on file-deletion.

       --ignore-missing-args
              When  rsync  is first processing the explicitly requested source
              files (e.g. command-line arguments or --files-from entries),  it
              is  normally  an error if the file cannot be found.  This option
              suppresses that error, and does not try to  transfer  the  file.
              This  does  not affect subsequent vanished-file errors if a file
              was initially found to be present and later is no longer there.

       --delete-missing-args
              This option takes the behavior of (the  implied)  --ignore-miss-
              ing-args  option a step farther:  each missing arg will become a
              deletion request of the corresponding destination  file  on  the
              receiving  side (should it exist).  If the destination file is a
              non-empty directory, it will only  be  successfully  deleted  if
              --force or --delete are in effect.  Other than that, this option
              is independent of any other type of delete processing.

              The missing source files are represented  by  special  file-list
              entries  which  display as a "*missing" entry in the --list-only
              output.

       --ignore-errors
              Tells --delete to go ahead and delete files even when there  are
              I/O errors.

       --force
              This  option tells rsync to delete a non-empty directory when it
              is to be replaced by a non-directory.  This is only relevant  if
              deletions are not active (see --delete for details).

              Note for older rsync versions: --force used to still be required
              when using --delete-after, and it used to be non-functional  un-
              less the --recursive option was also enabled.

       --max-delete=NUM
              This  tells  rsync not to delete more than NUM files or directo-
              ries.  If that limit is  exceeded,  all  further  deletions  are
              skipped through the end of the transfer.  At the end, rsync out-
              puts a warning (including a count of the skipped deletions)  and
              exits with an error code of 25 (unless some more important error
              condition also occurred).

              Beginning with version 3.0.0, you may specify --max-delete=0  to
              be  warned about any extraneous files in the destination without
              removing any of them.  Older clients interpreted this as "unlim-
              ited",  so if you don't know what version the client is, you can
              use the less obvious --max-delete=-1  as  a  backward-compatible
              way  to  specify that no deletions be allowed (though really old
              versions didn't warn when the limit was exceeded).

       --max-size=SIZE
              This tells rsync to avoid transferring any file that  is  larger
              than  the  specified SIZE. The SIZE value can be suffixed with a
              string to indicate a size multiplier, and may  be  a  fractional
              value (e.g. "--max-size=1.5m").

              This  option  is  a transfer rule, not an exclude, so it doesn't
              affect the data that goes  into  the  file-lists,  and  thus  it
              doesn't affect deletions.  It just limits the files that the re-
              ceiver requests to be transferred.

              The suffixes are as  follows:  "K"  (or  "KiB")  is  a  kibibyte
              (1024),  "M"  (or  "MiB") is a mebibyte (1024*1024), and "G" (or
              "GiB") is a gibibyte (1024*1024*1024).  If you want  the  multi-
              plier  to  be  1000  instead  of  1024, use "KB", "MB", or "GB".
              (Note: lower-case is also accepted for all values.)  Finally, if
              the suffix ends in either "+1" or "-1", the value will be offset
              by one byte in the indicated direction.

              Examples:   --max-size=1.5mb-1    is    1499999    bytes,    and
              --max-size=2g+1 is 2147483649 bytes.

              Note   that   rsync  versions  prior  to  3.1.0  did  not  allow
              --max-size=0.

       --min-size=SIZE
              This tells rsync to avoid transferring any file that is  smaller
              than  the  specified  SIZE,  which  can help in not transferring
              small, junk files.  See the --max-size option for a  description
              of SIZE and other information.

              Note   that   rsync  versions  prior  to  3.1.0  did  not  allow
              --min-size=0.

       -B, --block-size=BLOCKSIZE
              This forces the block size used in rsync's delta-transfer  algo-
              rithm  to  a  fixed value.  It is normally selected based on the
              size of each file being updated.  See the technical  report  for
              details.

       -e, --rsh=COMMAND
              This  option  allows  you  to choose an alternative remote shell
              program to use for communication between the  local  and  remote
              copies  of  rsync.  Typically, rsync is configured to use ssh by
              default, but you may prefer to use rsh on a local network.

              If this option is used with [user@]host::module/path,  then  the
              remote  shell COMMAND will be used to run an rsync daemon on the
              remote host, and all data will be transmitted through  that  re-
              mote  shell connection, rather than through a direct socket con-
              nection to a running rsync daemon on the remote host.   See  the
              section  "USING RSYNC-DAEMON FEATURES VIA A REMOTE-SHELL CONNEC-
              TION" above.

              Command-line arguments are permitted in  COMMAND  provided  that
              COMMAND  is  presented  to rsync as a single argument.  You must
              use spaces (not tabs or other whitespace) to separate  the  com-
              mand  and  args  from each other, and you can use single- and/or
              double-quotes to preserve spaces in an argument (but  not  back-
              slashes).   Note  that  doubling  a  single-quote  inside a sin-
              gle-quoted string gives you a single-quote;  likewise  for  dou-
              ble-quotes  (though  you  need  to pay attention to which quotes
              your shell is parsing and which quotes rsync is parsing).   Some
              examples:

                  -e 'ssh -p 2234'
                  -e 'ssh -o "ProxyCommand nohup ssh firewall nc -w1 %h %p"'

              (Note  that  ssh  users  can alternately customize site-specific
              connect options in their .ssh/config file.)

              You can also choose the remote shell program using the RSYNC_RSH
              environment  variable, which accepts the same range of values as
              -e.

              See also the --blocking-io option which is affected by this  op-
              tion.

       --rsync-path=PROGRAM
              Use  this to specify what program is to be run on the remote ma-
              chine to start-up rsync.  Often used when rsync is  not  in  the
              default    remote-shell's   path   (e.g.   --rsync-path=/usr/lo-
              cal/bin/rsync).  Note that PROGRAM is run with  the  help  of  a
              shell,  so  it  can  be any program, script, or command sequence
              you'd care to run, so long as it  does  not  corrupt  the  stan-
              dard-in & standard-out that rsync is using to communicate.

              One  tricky  example  is to set a different default directory on
              the remote machine for use with the --relative option.  For  in-
              stance:

                  rsync -avR --rsync-path="cd /a/b && rsync" host:c/d /e/

       -M, --remote-option=OPTION
              This  option is used for more advanced situations where you want
              certain effects to be limited to one side of the transfer  only.
              For instance, if you want to pass --log-file=FILE and --fake-su-
              per to the remote system, specify it like this:

                  rsync -av -M --log-file=foo -M--fake-super src/ dest/

              If you want to have an option affect only the local  side  of  a
              transfer  when it normally affects both sides, send its negation
              to the remote side.  Like this:

                  rsync -av -x -M--no-x src/ dest/

              Be cautious using this, as it is possible to  toggle  an  option
              that  will  cause rsync to have a different idea about what data
              to expect next over the socket, and that will make it fail in  a
              cryptic fashion.

              Note  that  you  should use a separate -M for each remote option
              you want to pass. On older rsync versions, the presence  of  any
              spaces  in the remote-option arg could cause it to be split into
              separate remote args, but this requires the use of --old-args in
              this version of rsync.

              When performing a local transfer, the "local" side is the sender
              and the "remote" side is the receiver.

              Note some versions of the popt option-parsing library have a bug
              in  them  that  prevents  you from using an adjacent arg with an
              equal  in   it   next   to   a   short   option   letter   (e.g.
              -M--log-file=/tmp/foo).   If  this  bug  affects your version of
              popt, you can use the version of  popt  that  is  included  with
              rsync.

       -C, --cvs-exclude
              This  is a useful shorthand for excluding a broad range of files
              that you often don't want to transfer between systems. It uses a
              similar  algorithm  to  CVS to determine if a file should be ig-
              nored.

              The exclude list is initialized to exclude the  following  items
              (these  initial items are marked as perishable -- see the FILTER
              RULES section):

                     RCS  SCCS  CVS  CVS.adm   RCSLOG   cvslog.*   tags   TAGS
                     .make.state  .nse_depinfo *~ #* .#* ,* _$* *$ *.old *.bak
                     *.BAK *.orig *.rej .del-* *.a *.olb *.o *.obj *.so  *.exe
                     *.Z *.elc *.ln core .svn/ .git/ .hg/ .bzr/

              then,  files  listed in a $HOME/.cvsignore are added to the list
              and any files listed in the CVSIGNORE environment variable  (all
              cvsignore names are delimited by whitespace).

              Finally, any file is ignored if it is in the same directory as a
              .cvsignore file and matches one of the patterns listed  therein.
              Unlike rsync's filter/exclude files, these patterns are split on
              whitespace.  See the cvs(1) manual for more information.

              If you're combining -C with your own --filter rules, you  should
              note that these CVS excludes are appended at the end of your own
              rules, regardless of  where  the  -C  was  placed  on  the  com-
              mand-line.   This makes them a lower priority than any rules you
              specified explicitly.  If you want to control  where  these  CVS
              excludes  get  inserted  into your filter rules, you should omit
              the -C as a command-line option and use a combination of  --fil-
              ter=:C  and  --filter=-C  (either  on  your  command-line  or by
              putting the ":C" and "-C" rules into a  filter  file  with  your
              other rules).  The first option turns on the per-directory scan-
              ning for the .cvsignore file.  The second option does a one-time
              import of the CVS excludes mentioned above.

       -f, --filter=RULE
              This  option allows you to add rules to selectively exclude cer-
              tain files from the list of files to  be  transferred.  This  is
              most useful in combination with a recursive transfer.

              You  may use as many --filter options on the command line as you
              like to build up the list of files to exclude.   If  the  filter
              contains whitespace, be sure to quote it so that the shell gives
              the rule to rsync as a single argument.   The  text  below  also
              mentions  that  you  can  use an underscore to replace the space
              that separates a rule from its arg.

              See the FILTER RULES section for detailed  information  on  this
              option.

       -F     The  -F  option  is a shorthand for adding two --filter rules to
              your command.  The first time it is used is a shorthand for this
              rule:

                 --filter='dir-merge /.rsync-filter'

              This  tells  rsync to look for per-directory .rsync-filter files
              that have been sprinkled through the  hierarchy  and  use  their
              rules  to  filter the files in the transfer.  If -F is repeated,
              it is a shorthand for this rule:

                 --filter='exclude .rsync-filter'

              This filters out the .rsync-filter  files  themselves  from  the
              transfer.

              See  the  FILTER  RULES  section for detailed information on how
              these options work.

       --exclude=PATTERN
              This option is a simplified form of the --filter option that de-
              faults to an exclude rule and does not allow the full rule-pars-
              ing syntax of normal filter rules.

              See the FILTER RULES section for detailed  information  on  this
              option.

       --exclude-from=FILE
              This option is related to the --exclude option, but it specifies
              a FILE that contains exclude patterns  (one  per  line).   Blank
              lines  in  the  file  and lines starting with ';' or '#' are ig-
              nored.  If FILE is -, the list will be read from standard input.

       --include=PATTERN
              This option is a simplified form of the --filter option that de-
              faults to an include rule and does not allow the full rule-pars-
              ing syntax of normal filter rules.

              See the FILTER RULES section for detailed  information  on  this
              option.

       --include-from=FILE
              This option is related to the --include option, but it specifies
              a FILE that contains include patterns  (one  per  line).   Blank
              lines  in  the  file  and lines starting with ';' or '#' are ig-
              nored.  If FILE is -, the list will be read from standard input.

       --files-from=FILE
              Using this option allows you to specify the exact list of  files
              to  transfer  (as read from the specified FILE or - for standard
              input).  It also tweaks the default behavior of  rsync  to  make
              transferring just the specified files and directories easier:

              o      The  --relative  (-R)  option is implied, which preserves
                     the path information that is specified for each  item  in
                     the file (use --no-relative or --no-R if you want to turn
                     that off).

              o      The --dirs (-d) option is implied, which will create  di-
                     rectories specified in the list on the destination rather
                     than noisily skipping them (use --no-dirs  or  --no-d  if
                     you want to turn that off).

              o      The --archive (-a) option's behavior does not imply --re-
                     cursive (-r), so specify it explicitly, if you want it.

              o      These side-effects change the default state of rsync,  so
                     the  position  of  the  --files-from  option  on the com-
                     mand-line has no bearing on how other options are  parsed
                     (e.g.  -a works the same before or after --files-from, as
                     does --no-R and all other options).

              The filenames that are read from the FILE are  all  relative  to
              the  source  dir  -- any leading slashes are removed and no ".."
              references are allowed to go higher than the  source  dir.   For
              example, take this command:

                 rsync -a --files-from=/tmp/foo /usr remote:/backup

              If  /tmp/foo  contains  the  string  "bin" (or even "/bin"), the
              /usr/bin directory will be created as /backup/bin on the  remote
              host.   If it contains "bin/" (note the trailing slash), the im-
              mediate contents of the directory would also  be  sent  (without
              needing  to be explicitly mentioned in the file -- this began in
              version 2.6.4).  In both cases, if the -r  option  was  enabled,
              that  dir's  entire hierarchy would also be transferred (keep in
              mind that -r needs to be specified explicitly with --files-from,
              since  it  is  not implied by -a).  Also note that the effect of
              the (enabled by default) --relative option is to duplicate  only
              the  path  info  that is read from the file -- it does not force
              the duplication of the source-spec path (/usr in this case).

              In addition, the --files-from file can be read from  the  remote
              host instead of the local host if you specify a "host:" in front
              of the file (the host must match one end of the transfer).  As a
              short-cut, you can specify just a prefix of ":" to mean "use the
              remote end of the transfer".  For example:

                 rsync -a --files-from=:/path/file-list src:/ /tmp/copy

              This would copy all the files specified in  the  /path/file-list
              file that was located on the remote "src" host.

              If  the --iconv and --protect-args options are specified and the
              --files-from filenames are being sent from one host to  another,
              the filenames will be translated from the sending host's charset
              to the receiving host's charset.

              NOTE: sorting the list of files in the --files-from input  helps
              rsync  to  be  more  efficient, as it will avoid re-visiting the
              path elements that are shared between adjacent entries.  If  the
              input  is  not  sorted, some path elements (implied directories)
              may end up being scanned multiple times, and rsync will  eventu-
              ally  unduplicate them after they get turned into file-list ele-
              ments.

       -0, --from0
              This tells rsync that the rules/filenames it reads from  a  file
              are  terminated  by  a  null  ('\0') character, not a NL, CR, or
              CR+LF.     This    affects    --exclude-from,    --include-from,
              --files-from, and any merged files specified in a --filter rule.
              It does not affect --cvs-exclude (since all names  read  from  a
              .cvsignore file are split on whitespace).

       --old-args
              This option tells rsync to stop trying to protect the arg values
              from unintended word-splitting or other misinterpretation by us-
              ing  its  new backslash-escape idiom.  The newest default is for
              remote filenames to only allow wildcards characters to be inter-
              pretated  by  the shell while protecting other shell-interpreted
              characters (and the args of options get even wildcards escaped).
              The only active wildcard characters on the remote side are: `*`,
              `?`, `[`, & `]`.

              If you have a script that wants to use old-style  arg  splitting
              in the filenames, specify this option once.  If the remote shell
              has a problem with any backslash  escapes,  specify  the  option
              twice.

              You  may  also control this setting via the RSYNC_OLD_ARGS envi-
              ronment variable.  If it has the value "1", rsync  will  default
              to  a single-option setting.  If it has the value "2" (or more),
              rsync will default to a repeated-option setting.  If it is  "0",
              you'll  get  the  default escaping behavior.  The environment is
              always overridden by manually specified positive or negative op-
              tions (the negative is --no-old-args).

              Note that this option also disables the extra safety check added
              in this version of rsync, that  ensures  that  a  remote  sender
              isn't  including extra top-level items in the file-list that you
              didn't request.  This side-effect is necessary because we  can't
              know  for sure what names to expect when the remote shell is in-
              terpreting the args.

              This option conflicts with the --protect-args option.

       -s, --protect-args
              This option sends all filenames and most options to  the  remote
              rsync  without  allowing  the  remote  shell  to interpret them.
              Wildcards are expanded on the remote host by  rsync  instead  of
              the shell doing it.

              This is similar to the new-style backslash-escaping of args that
              was added in this version of rsync, but supports some extra fea-
              tures  and  doesn't  rely  on  backslash  escaping in the remote
              shell.

              If you use this option with --iconv, the args related to the re-
              mote  side  will also be translated from the local to the remote
              character-set.  The translation happens  before  wild-cards  are
              expanded.  See also the --files-from option.

              You may also control this setting via the RSYNC_PROTECT_ARGS en-
              vironment variable.  If it has a non-zero  value,  this  setting
              will be enabled by default, otherwise it will be disabled by de-
              fault.  Either state is overridden by a manually specified posi-
              tive  or  negative  version of this option (note that --no-s and
              --no-protect-args are the negative versions).  This  environment
              variable is also superseded by a non-zero RSYNC_OLD_ARGS export.

              You  may  need  to  disable this option when interacting with an
              older rsync (one prior to 3.0.0).

              This option conflicts with the --old-args option.

              Note that this option is incompatible with the use  of  the  re-
              stricted rsync script (`rrsync`) since it hides options from the
              script's inspection.

       --trust-sender
              Disable the extra validation of the  file  list  from  a  remote
              sender (this safety feature was added to address the performance
              downgrade after fixing CVE 2022-29154).   This  should  only  be
              done  if  you  trust the sender to not try to do something mali-
              cious, which should be the  case  if  they're  running  a  stock
              rsync.

              Normally when pulling files from a remote rsync, the client runs
              2 extra validation checks:

              o      Verify that additional arg items didn't get added at  the
                     top of the transfer.

              o      Verify  that  none  of  the items in the file list should
                     have been excluded.

              Note that various options can turn off  one  or  both  of  these
              checks  if  the  option interferes with the validation.  For in-
              stance:

              o      Using a per-directory filter file reads filter rules that
                     only  the  server  knows about, so the filter checking is
                     disabled.

              o      Using the --old-args option allows the sender to  manipu-
                     late the requested args, so the arg checking is disabled.

              o      Reading  the  files-from  list from the server side means
                     that the client doesn't know the arg  list,  so  the  arg
                     checking is disabled.

              o      Using  --read-batch  disables both checks since the batch
                     file's contents will have been verified when it was  cre-
                     ated.

              This option may help an under-powered client server if the extra
              pattern matching is slowing things down on a huge transfer.   It
              can also be used to work around a bug in the verification logic,
              possibly  after  using  the  --list-only  option  combined  with
              --trust-sender to look over the full file list.

       -T, --temp-dir=DIR
              This  option  instructs  rsync to use DIR as a scratch directory
              when creating temporary copies of the files transferred  on  the
              receiving  side.   The default behavior is to create each tempo-
              rary file in the same directory as  the  associated  destination
              file.   Beginning  with  rsync 3.1.1, the temp-file names inside
              the specified DIR will not be prefixed with an extra dot (though
              they will still have a random suffix added).

              This option is most often used when the receiving disk partition
              does not have enough free space to hold a copy  of  the  largest
              file  in  the transfer.  In this case (i.e. when the scratch di-
              rectory is on a different disk partition),  rsync  will  not  be
              able  to rename each received temporary file over the top of the
              associated destination file,  but  instead  must  copy  it  into
              place.   Rsync does this by copying the file over the top of the
              destination file, which means that  the  destination  file  will
              contain  truncated data during this copy.  If this were not done
              this way (even if the destination file were first  removed,  the
              data  locally  copied to a temporary file in the destination di-
              rectory, and then renamed into place) it would be  possible  for
              the old file to continue taking up disk space (if someone had it
              open), and thus there might not be enough room to  fit  the  new
              version on the disk at the same time.

              If  you  are using this option for reasons other than a shortage
              of disk space, you may wish to combine it with  the  --delay-up-
              dates  option,  which  will ensure that all copied files get put
              into subdirectories in the destination hierarchy,  awaiting  the
              end of the transfer.  If you don't have enough room to duplicate
              all the arriving files on the destination partition, another way
              to  tell rsync that you aren't overly concerned about disk space
              is to use the --partial-dir option with a relative path; because
              this  tells  rsync that it is OK to stash off a copy of a single
              file in a subdir in the destination hierarchy,  rsync  will  use
              the partial-dir as a staging area to bring over the copied file,
              and then rename it into place from there. (Specifying  a  --par-
              tial-dir with an absolute path does not have this side-effect.)

       -y, --fuzzy
              This option tells rsync that it should look for a basis file for
              any destination file that is  missing.   The  current  algorithm
              looks in the same directory as the destination file for either a
              file that has an identical size and modified-time,  or  a  simi-
              larly-named  file.  If found, rsync uses the fuzzy basis file to
              try to speed up the transfer.

              If the option is repeated, the fuzzy scan will also be  done  in
              any  matching  alternate destination directories that are speci-
              fied via --compare-dest, --copy-dest, or --link-dest.

              Note that the use of the --delete option might get  rid  of  any
              potential  fuzzy-match  files,  so  either use --delete-after or
              specify some filename exclusions if you need to prevent this.

       --compare-dest=DIR
              This option instructs rsync to use DIR on  the  destination  ma-
              chine  as  an  additional hierarchy to compare destination files
              against doing transfers (if the files are missing in the  desti-
              nation  directory).  If a file is found in DIR that is identical
              to the sender's file, the file will NOT be  transferred  to  the
              destination  directory.   This  is  useful for creating a sparse
              backup of just files that have changed from an  earlier  backup.
              This  option  is  typically used to copy into an empty (or newly
              created) directory.

              Beginning in version 2.6.4, multiple --compare-dest  directories
              may  be  provided,  which will cause rsync to search the list in
              the order specified for an exact match.  If  a  match  is  found
              that  differs  only  in attributes, a local copy is made and the
              attributes updated.  If a match is not found, a basis file  from
              one  of  the DIRs will be selected to try to speed up the trans-
              fer.

              If DIR is a relative path, it is relative to the destination di-
              rectory.  See also --copy-dest and --link-dest.

              NOTE:  beginning  with  version  3.1.0, rsync will remove a file
              from a non-empty destination hierarchy  if  an  exact  match  is
              found in one of the compare-dest hierarchies (making the end re-
              sult more closely match a fresh copy).

       --copy-dest=DIR
              This option behaves like --compare-dest,  but  rsync  will  also
              copy  unchanged  files found in DIR to the destination directory
              using a local copy.  This is useful for doing transfers to a new
              destination  while leaving existing files intact, and then doing
              a flash-cutover when all files  have  been  successfully  trans-
              ferred.

              Multiple  --copy-dest  directories  may  be provided, which will
              cause rsync to search the list in the order specified for an un-
              changed file.  If a match is not found, a basis file from one of
              the DIRs will be selected to try to speed up the transfer.

              If DIR is a relative path, it is relative to the destination di-
              rectory.  See also --compare-dest and --link-dest.

       --link-dest=DIR
              This  option  behaves  like --copy-dest, but unchanged files are
              hard linked from DIR to the destination  directory.   The  files
              must be identical in all preserved attributes (e.g. permissions,
              possibly ownership) in order for the  files  to  be  linked  to-
              gether.  An example:

                rsync -av --link-dest=$PWD/prior_dir host:src_dir/ new_dir/

              If  file's  aren't linking, double-check their attributes.  Also
              check if some attributes are getting forced outside  of  rsync's
              control,  such  a  mount  option  that squishes root to a single
              user, or mounts a removable drive with generic  ownership  (such
              as OS X's "Ignore ownership on this volume" option).

              Beginning in version 2.6.4, multiple --link-dest directories may
              be provided, which will cause rsync to search the  list  in  the
              order  specified for an exact match (there is a limit of 20 such
              directories).  If a match is found  that  differs  only  in  at-
              tributes, a local copy is made and the attributes updated.  If a
              match is not found, a basis file from one of the  DIRs  will  be
              selected to try to speed up the transfer.

              This  option  works  best when copying into an empty destination
              hierarchy, as existing files may get their  attributes  tweaked,
              and  that can affect alternate destination files via hard-links.
              Also, itemizing of changes can get a  bit  muddled.   Note  that
              prior to version 3.1.0, an alternate-directory exact match would
              never be found (nor linked into the destination) when a destina-
              tion file already exists.

              Note  that if you combine this option with --ignore-times, rsync
              will not link any files together because it only links identical
              files  together as a substitute for transferring the file, never
              as an additional check after the file is updated.

              If DIR is a relative path, it is relative to the destination di-
              rectory.  See also --compare-dest and --copy-dest.

              Note  that  rsync  versions  prior to 2.6.1 had a bug that could
              prevent --link-dest from working properly for  a  non-super-user
              when  -o  was specified (or implied by -a).  You can work-around
              this bug by avoiding the -o option when sending to an old rsync.

       -z, --compress
              With this option, rsync compresses the file data as it  is  sent
              to the destination machine, which reduces the amount of data be-
              ing transmitted -- something that is useful over a slow  connec-
              tion.

              Note  that this option typically achieves better compression ra-
              tios than can be achieved by using a compressing remote shell or
              a  compressing  transport  because it takes advantage of the im-
              plicit information in the matching data blocks that are not  ex-
              plicitly  sent over the connection.  This matching-data compres-
              sion comes at a cost of CPU, though, and can be disabled by  re-
              peating  the -z option, but only if both sides are at least ver-
              sion 3.1.1.

              Note that if your version of rsync was compiled with an external
              zlib  (instead  of the zlib that comes packaged with rsync) then
              it  will  not  support  the  old-style  compression,  only   the
              new-style  (repeated-option)  compression.   In  the future this
              new-style compression will likely become the default.

              The client rsync requests new-style compression  on  the  server
              via  the  --new-compress  option,  so if you see that option re-
              jected it means that the server is not  new  enough  to  support
              -zz.   Rsync also accepts the --old-compress option for a future
              time when new-style compression becomes the default.

              See the --skip-compress option for the default list of file suf-
              fixes that will not be compressed.

       --compress-level=NUM
              Explicitly set the compression level to use (see --compress) in-
              stead of letting it default.  If NUM is non-zero, the --compress
              option is implied.

       --skip-compress=LIST
              Override  the list of file suffixes that will not be compressed.
              The LIST should be one or more file suffixes (without  the  dot)
              separated by slashes (/).

              You  may specify an empty string to indicate that no file should
              be skipped.

              Simple character-class matching is supported: each must  consist
              of a list of letters inside the square brackets (e.g. no special
              classes, such as "[:alpha:]", are supported, and '-' has no spe-
              cial meaning).

              The  characters  asterisk (*) and question-mark (?) have no spe-
              cial meaning.

              Here's an example that specifies 6 suffixes to skip (since 1  of
              the 5 rules matches 2 suffixes):

                  --skip-compress=gz/jpg/mp[34]/7z/bz2

              The default list of suffixes that will not be compressed is this
              (in this version of rsync):

              7z ace avi bz2 deb gpg gz iso jpeg jpg lz lzma lzo mov  mp3  mp4
              ogg png rar rpm rzip tbz tgz tlz txz xz z zip

              This  list  will be replaced by your --skip-compress list in all
              but one situation: a copy from a  daemon  rsync  will  add  your
              skipped  suffixes  to its list of non-compressing files (and its
              list may be configured to a different default).

       --numeric-ids
              With this option rsync will transfer numeric group and user  IDs
              rather  than using user and group names and mapping them at both
              ends.

              By default rsync will use the username and groupname  to  deter-
              mine  what  ownership  to  give files. The special uid 0 and the
              special group 0 are never mapped via user/group  names  even  if
              the --numeric-ids option is not specified.

              If a user or group has no name on the source system or it has no
              match on the destination system, then the numeric  ID  from  the
              source  system  is  used  instead.  See also the comments on the
              "use chroot" setting in the rsyncd.conf manpage for  information
              on how the chroot setting affects rsync's ability to look up the
              names of the users and groups and what you can do about it.

       --usermap=STRING, --groupmap=STRING
              These options allow you to specify users and groups that  should
              be  mapped to other values by the receiving side.  The STRING is
              one or more FROM:TO pairs of values separated  by  commas.   Any
              matching  FROM value from the sender is replaced with a TO value
              from the receiver.  You may specify usernames or  user  IDs  for
              the  FROM  and  TO  values,  and  the  FROM  value may also be a
              wild-card string, which will be  matched  against  the  sender's
              names  (wild-cards  do  NOT match against ID numbers, though see
              below for why a '*' matches everything).  You may instead  spec-
              ify a range of ID numbers via an inclusive range: LOW-HIGH.  For
              example:

                --usermap=0-99:nobody,wayne:admin,*:normal --groupmap=usr:1,1:usr

              The first match in the list is the one that is used.  You should
              specify  all your user mappings using a single --usermap option,
              and/or all your group mappings using a single --groupmap option.

              Note that the sender's name for the 0 user  and  group  are  not
              transmitted  to  the  receiver, so you should either match these
              values using a 0, or use the names in effect  on  the  receiving
              side  (typically  "root").   All other FROM names match those in
              use on the sending side.  All TO names match those in use on the
              receiving side.

              Any  IDs that do not have a name on the sending side are treated
              as having an empty name for the purpose of matching.   This  al-
              lows  them  to be matched via a "*" or using an empty name.  For
              instance:

                --usermap=:nobody --groupmap=*:nobody

              When the --numeric-ids option is used, the sender does not  send
              any  names,  so all the IDs are treated as having an empty name.
              This means that you will need to specify numeric FROM values  if
              you want to map these nameless IDs to different values.

              For  the  --usermap  option to have any effect, the -o (--owner)
              option must be used (or implied), and the receiver will need  to
              be  running  as a super-user (see also the --fake-super option).
              For the --groupmap option to have any effect, the -g  (--groups)
              option  must be used (or implied), and the receiver will need to
              have permissions to set that group.

              An older rsync client may need to  use  --protect-args  (-s)  to
              avoid  a complaint about wildcard characters, but a modern rsync
              handles this automatically.

       --chown=USER:GROUP
              This option forces all files to be  owned  by  USER  with  group
              GROUP.   This  is  a  simpler interface than using --usermap and
              --groupmap directly, but it is implemented using  those  options
              internally, so you cannot mix them.  If either the USER or GROUP
              is empty, no mapping for the omitted user/group will occur.   If
              GROUP  is  empty, the trailing colon may be omitted, but if USER
              is empty, a leading colon must be supplied.

              If you specify "--chown=foo:bar, this is  exactly  the  same  as
              specifying "--usermap=*:foo --groupmap=*:bar", only easier.

              An  older  rsync  client  may need to use --protect-args (-s) to
              avoid a complaint about wildcard characters, but a modern  rsync
              handles this automatically.

       --timeout=TIMEOUT
              This  option allows you to set a maximum I/O timeout in seconds.
              If no data is transferred for the specified time then rsync will
              exit. The default is 0, which means no timeout.

       --contimeout
              This option allows you to set the amount of time that rsync will
              wait for its connection to an rsync daemon to succeed.   If  the
              timeout is reached, rsync exits with an error.

       --address
              By default rsync will bind to the wildcard address when connect-
              ing to an rsync daemon.  The  --address  option  allows  you  to
              specify  a  specific  IP  address (or hostname) to bind to.  See
              also this option in the --daemon mode section.

       --port=PORT
              This specifies an alternate TCP port number to use  rather  than
              the  default  of  873.  This is only needed if you are using the
              double-colon (::) syntax to connect with an rsync daemon  (since
              the  URL  syntax  has a way to specify the port as a part of the
              URL).  See also this option in the --daemon mode section.

       --sockopts
              This option can provide endless fun for people who like to  tune
              their  systems  to  the  utmost degree. You can set all sorts of
              socket options which may make  transfers  faster  (or  slower!).
              Read  the  man page for the setsockopt() system call for details
              on some of the options you may be able to  set.  By  default  no
              special  socket options are set. This only affects direct socket
              connections to a remote rsync daemon.  This option  also  exists
              in the --daemon mode section.

       --blocking-io
              This  tells  rsync  to  use blocking I/O when launching a remote
              shell transport.  If the remote shell is either  rsh  or  remsh,
              rsync  defaults  to using blocking I/O, otherwise it defaults to
              using non-blocking I/O.  (Note  that  ssh  prefers  non-blocking
              I/O.)

       --outbuf=MODE
              This  sets the output buffering mode.  The mode can be None (aka
              Unbuffered), Line, or Block (aka Full).  You may specify as lit-
              tle  as  a  single  letter  for the mode, and use upper or lower
              case.

              The main use of this option is to change Full buffering to  Line
              buffering when rsync's output is going to a file or pipe.

       -i, --itemize-changes
              Requests  a  simple  itemized list of the changes that are being
              made to each file, including attribute changes.  This is exactly
              the  same  as  specifying --out-format='%i %n%L'.  If you repeat
              the option, unchanged files will also be output, but only if the
              receiving  rsync is at least version 2.6.7 (you can use -vv with
              older versions of rsync, but that also turns on  the  output  of
              other verbose messages).

              The  "%i"  escape  has a cryptic output that is 11 letters long.
              The general format is like the string YXcstpoguax,  where  Y  is
              replaced  by the type of update being done, X is replaced by the
              file-type, and the other letters represent attributes  that  may
              be output if they are being modified.

              The update types that replace the Y are as follows:

              o      A  < means that a file is being transferred to the remote
                     host (sent).

              o      A > means that a file is being transferred to  the  local
                     host (received).

              o      A  c  means that a local change/creation is occurring for
                     the item (such as the creation  of  a  directory  or  the
                     changing of a symlink, etc.).

              o      A  h  means  that the item is a hard link to another item
                     (requires --hard-links).

              o      A . means that the item is not being updated  (though  it
                     might have attributes that are being modified).

              o      A  * means that the rest of the itemized-output area con-
                     tains a message (e.g. "deleting").

              The file-types that replace the X are: f for a file, a d  for  a
              directory,  an  L for a symlink, a D for a device, and a S for a
              special file (e.g. named sockets and fifos).

              The other letters in the string above  are  the  actual  letters
              that  will be output if the associated attribute for the item is
              being updated or a "." for no change.  Three exceptions to  this
              are:  (1)  a newly created item replaces each letter with a "+",
              (2) an identical item replaces the dots with spaces, and (3)  an
              unknown attribute replaces each letter with a "?" (this can hap-
              pen when talking to an older rsync).

              The attribute that is associated with each letter is as follows:

              o      A c means either that a  regular  file  has  a  different
                     checksum (requires --checksum) or that a symlink, device,
                     or special file has a changed value.  Note  that  if  you
                     are sending files to an rsync prior to 3.0.1, this change
                     flag will be present only for checksum-differing  regular
                     files.

              o      A  s  means  the  size of a regular file is different and
                     will be updated by the file transfer.

              o      A t means the modification time is different and is being
                     updated to the sender's value (requires --times).  An al-
                     ternate value of T means that the modification time  will
                     be  set  to  the  transfer  time,  which  happens  when a
                     file/symlink/device is updated without --times and when a
                     symlink  is  changed and the receiver can't set its time.
                     (Note: when using an rsync 3.0.0 client,  you  might  see
                     the  s  flag combined with t instead of the proper T flag
                     for this time-setting failure.)

              o      A p means the permissions are different and are being up-
                     dated to the sender's value (requires --perms).

              o      An o means the owner is different and is being updated to
                     the sender's value (requires --owner and super-user priv-
                     ileges).

              o      A  g means the group is different and is being updated to
                     the sender's value (requires --group and the authority to
                     set the group).

              o      The u slot is reserved for future use.

              o      The a means that the ACL information changed.

              o      The  x  means  that  the  extended  attribute information
                     changed.

              One other output is possible:  when  deleting  files,  the  "%i"
              will  output  the string "*deleting" for each item that is being
              removed (assuming that you are talking to a recent enough  rsync
              that  it  logs deletions instead of outputting them as a verbose
              message).

       --out-format=FORMAT
              This allows you to specify exactly what the rsync client outputs
              to  the user on a per-update basis.  The format is a text string
              containing embedded single-character escape  sequences  prefixed
              with  a  percent  (%) character.   A default format of "%n%L" is
              assumed if either --info=name or -v is specified (this tells you
              just  the  name of the file and, if the item is a link, where it
              points).  For a full list of the possible escape characters, see
              the "log format" setting in the rsyncd.conf manpage.

              Specifying  the  --out-format option implies the --info=name op-
              tion, which will mention each file, dir, etc. that gets  updated
              in  a  significant  way  (a  transferred  file, a recreated sym-
              link/device, or a touched directory).  In addition, if the item-
              ize-changes  escape  (%i) is included in the string (e.g. if the
              --itemize-changes option was used), the  logging  of  names  in-
              creases  to mention any item that is changed in any way (as long
              as the receiving side is  at  least  2.6.4).   See  the  --item-
              ize-changes option for a description of the output of "%i".

              Rsync will output the out-format string prior to a file's trans-
              fer unless one of the transfer-statistic escapes  is  requested,
              in  which  case  the  logging  is  done at the end of the file's
              transfer.  When this late logging is in effect and --progress is
              also  specified, rsync will also output the name of the file be-
              ing transferred prior to its progress information (followed,  of
              course, by the out-format output).

       --log-file=FILE
              This  option  causes  rsync  to  log what it is doing to a file.
              This is similar to the logging that a daemon does,  but  can  be
              requested  for  the  client  side  and/or  the  server side of a
              non-daemon transfer.  If specified as a client option,  transfer
              logging will be enabled with a default format of "%i %n%L".  See
              the --log-file-format option if you wish to override this.

              Here's a example command that requests the remote  side  to  log
              what is happening:

                rsync -av --remote-option=--log-file=/tmp/rlog src/ dest/

              This  is  very  useful  if you need to debug why a connection is
              closing unexpectedly.

       --log-file-format=FORMAT
              This allows you to specify exactly what  per-update  logging  is
              put into the file specified by the --log-file option (which must
              also be specified for this option to have any effect).   If  you
              specify  an empty string, updated files will not be mentioned in
              the log file.  For a list of the possible escape characters, see
              the "log format" setting in the rsyncd.conf manpage.

              The  default FORMAT used if --log-file is specified and this op-
              tion is not is '%i %n%L'.

       --stats
              This tells rsync to print a verbose set  of  statistics  on  the
              file  transfer,  allowing  you  to  tell  how  effective rsync's
              delta-transfer algorithm is  for  your  data.   This  option  is
              equivalent  to --info=stats2 if combined with 0 or 1 -v options,
              or --info=stats3 if combined with 2 or more -v options.

              The current statistics are as follows:

              o      Number of files is the  count  of  all  "files"  (in  the
                     generic  sense),  which  includes  directories, symlinks,
                     etc.  The total count will  be  followed  by  a  list  of
                     counts by filetype (if the total is non-zero).  For exam-
                     ple: "(reg: 5, dir: 3, link:  2,  dev:  1,  special:  1)"
                     lists  the  totals  for  regular files, directories, sym-
                     links, devices, and special files.  If any of value is 0,
                     it is completely omitted from the list.

              o      Number  of created files is the count of how many "files"
                     (generic sense) were created  (as  opposed  to  updated).
                     The  total  count will be followed by a list of counts by
                     filetype (if the total is non-zero).

              o      Number of deleted files is the count of how many  "files"
                     (generic  sense)  were  created  (as opposed to updated).
                     The total count will be followed by a list of  counts  by
                     filetype (if the total is non-zero).  Note that this line
                     is only output if deletions are in effect,  and  only  if
                     protocol 31 is being used (the default for rsync 3.1.x).

              o      Number  of regular files transferred is the count of nor-
                     mal files that were updated  via  rsync's  delta-transfer
                     algorithm,  which  does  not include dirs, symlinks, etc.
                     Note that rsync 3.1.0 added the word "regular" into  this
                     heading.

              o      Total file size is the total sum of all file sizes in the
                     transfer.  This does not count any size  for  directories
                     or special files, but does include the size of symlinks.

              o      Total transferred file size is the total sum of all files
                     sizes for just the transferred files.

              o      Literal data is how much unmatched  file-update  data  we
                     had  to  send  to the receiver for it to recreate the up-
                     dated files.

              o      Matched data is how much data the  receiver  got  locally
                     when recreating the updated files.

              o      File list size is how big the file-list data was when the
                     sender sent it to the receiver.  This is smaller than the
                     in-memory  size for the file list due to some compressing
                     of duplicated data when rsync sends the list.

              o      File list generation time is the number of  seconds  that
                     the sender spent creating the file list.  This requires a
                     modern rsync on the sending side for this to be present.

              o      File list transfer time is the number of seconds that the
                     sender spent sending the file list to the receiver.

              o      Total bytes sent is the count of all the bytes that rsync
                     sent from the client side to the server side.

              o      Total bytes received is  the  count  of  all  non-message
                     bytes  that  rsync  received  by the client side from the
                     server side.  "Non-message" bytes  means  that  we  don't
                     count  the  bytes  for  a verbose message that the server
                     sent to us, which makes the stats more consistent.

       -8, --8-bit-output
              This tells rsync to leave all high-bit characters  unescaped  in
              the  output  instead  of  trying  to test them to see if they're
              valid in the current locale and escaping the invalid ones.   All
              control  characters (but never tabs) are always escaped, regard-
              less of this option's setting.

              The escape idiom that started in 2.6.7 is to  output  a  literal
              backslash  (\)  and a hash (#), followed by exactly 3 octal dig-
              its.  For example, a newline would output as "\#012".  A literal
              backslash that is in a filename is not escaped unless it is fol-
              lowed by a hash and 3 digits (0-9).

       -h, --human-readable
              Output numbers in a more human-readable  format.   There  are  3
              possible  levels:   (1)  output numbers with a separator between
              each set of 3 digits (either a comma or a period,  depending  on
              if the decimal point is represented by a period or a comma); (2)
              output numbers in units of 1000 (with  a  character  suffix  for
              larger units -- see below); (3) output numbers in units of 1024.

              The default is human-readable level 1.  Each -h option increases
              the level by one.  You can take the level down to 0  (to  output
              numbers  as  pure  digits)  by specifing the --no-human-readable
              (--no-h) option.

              The unit letters that are appended in levels  2  and  3  are:  K
              (kilo),  M  (mega),  G  (giga),  or  T  (tera).   For example, a
              1234567-byte file would output as  1.23M  in  level-2  (assuming
              that a period is your local decimal point).

              Backward  compatibility  note:  versions of rsync prior to 3.1.0
              do not support human-readable level 1, and they default to level
              0.  Thus, specifying one or two -h options will behave in a com-
              parable manner in old and new versions as  long  as  you  didn't
              specify  a  --no-h  option prior to one or more -h options.  See
              the --list-only option for one difference.

       --partial
              By default, rsync will delete any partially transferred file  if
              the  transfer  is  interrupted. In some circumstances it is more
              desirable to keep partially transferred files. Using the  --par-
              tial  option  tells  rsync to keep the partial file which should
              make a subsequent transfer of the rest of the file much faster.

       --partial-dir=DIR
              A better way to keep partial files than the --partial option  is
              to specify a DIR that will be used to hold the partial data (in-
              stead of writing it out to the destination file).  On  the  next
              transfer,  rsync  will  use  a file found in this dir as data to
              speed up the resumption of the transfer and then delete it after
              it has served its purpose.

              Note  that  if  --whole-file is specified (or implied), any par-
              tial-dir file that is found for a file  that  is  being  updated
              will simply be removed (since rsync is sending files without us-
              ing rsync's delta-transfer algorithm).

              Rsync will create the DIR if it is missing (just the last dir --
              not  the whole path).  This makes it easy to use a relative path
              (such as "--partial-dir=.rsync-partial") to  have  rsync  create
              the  partial-directory  in the destination file's directory when
              needed, and then remove  it  again  when  the  partial  file  is
              deleted.

              If the partial-dir value is not an absolute path, rsync will add
              an exclude rule at the end of all your existing excludes.   This
              will prevent the sending of any partial-dir files that may exist
              on the sending side, and will also prevent the untimely deletion
              of  partial-dir  items  on  the receiving side.  An example: the
              above --partial-dir option would add the equivalent of  "-f  '-p
              .rsync-partial/'" at the end of any other filter rules.

              If you are supplying your own exclude rules, you may need to add
              your own exclude/hide/protect rule for the  partial-dir  because
              (1)  the  auto-added  rule may be ineffective at the end of your
              other rules, or (2) you may wish  to  override  rsync's  exclude
              choice.   For  instance,  if you want to make rsync clean-up any
              left-over partial-dirs that may  be  lying  around,  you  should
              specify --delete-after and add a "risk" filter rule, e.g.  -f 'R
              .rsync-partial/'.  (Avoid using --delete-before or --delete-dur-
              ing unless you don't need rsync to use any of the left-over par-
              tial-dir data during the current run.)

              IMPORTANT: the --partial-dir should not  be  writable  by  other
              users or it is a security risk.  E.g. AVOID "/tmp".

              You can also set the partial-dir value the RSYNC_PARTIAL_DIR en-
              vironment variable.  Setting this in the  environment  does  not
              force  --partial to be enabled, but rather it affects where par-
              tial files go when --partial is specified.   For  instance,  in-
              stead  of  using --partial-dir=.rsync-tmp along with --progress,
              you could set RSYNC_PARTIAL_DIR=.rsync-tmp in  your  environment
              and  then  just  use  the  -P  option  to turn on the use of the
              .rsync-tmp dir for partial transfers.  The only times  that  the
              --partial  option  does  not look for this environment value are
              (1) when --inplace was specified (since --inplace conflicts with
              --partial-dir),  and (2) when --delay-updates was specified (see
              below).

              For the purposes of the daemon-config's  "refuse  options"  set-
              ting, --partial-dir does not imply --partial.  This is so that a
              refusal of the --partial option can  be  used  to  disallow  the
              overwriting  of destination files with a partial transfer, while
              still allowing the safer idiom provided by --partial-dir.

       --delay-updates
              This option puts the temporary file from each updated file  into
              a holding directory until the end of the transfer, at which time
              all the files are renamed into place in rapid succession.   This
              attempts to make the updating of the files a little more atomic.
              By default the files are placed into a directory named  ".~tmp~"
              in  each  file's  destination directory, but if you've specified
              the --partial-dir option, that directory will be  used  instead.
              See  the  comments in the --partial-dir section for a discussion
              of how this ".~tmp~" dir will be excluded from the transfer, and
              what  you  can do if you want rsync to cleanup old ".~tmp~" dirs
              that might be lying around.  Conflicts with --inplace and  --ap-
              pend.

              This  option uses more memory on the receiving side (one bit per
              file transferred) and also requires enough free  disk  space  on
              the receiving side to hold an additional copy of all the updated
              files.  Note also that you should not use an  absolute  path  to
              --partial-dir  unless (1) there is no chance of any of the files
              in the transfer having the same  name  (since  all  the  updated
              files  will  be put into a single directory if the path is abso-
              lute) and (2) there are no mount points in the hierarchy  (since
              the  delayed  updates  will  fail  if they can't be renamed into
              place).

              See also the "atomic-rsync" perl script in the "support"  subdir
              for  an  update  algorithm  that  is  even  more atomic (it uses
              --link-dest and a parallel hierarchy of files).

       -m, --prune-empty-dirs
              This option tells the receiving rsync to get rid of empty direc-
              tories  from  the  file-list,  including nested directories that
              have no non-directory children.  This is useful for avoiding the
              creation  of  a  bunch  of  useless directories when the sending
              rsync is recursively scanning a hierarchy  of  files  using  in-
              clude/exclude/filter rules.

              Note  that the use of transfer rules, such as the --min-size op-
              tion, does not affect what goes into the  file  list,  and  thus
              does not leave directories empty, even if none of the files in a
              directory match the transfer rule.

              Because the file-list is actually being pruned, this option also
              affects  what  directories  get deleted when a delete is active.
              However, keep in mind that excluded files  and  directories  can
              prevent existing items from being deleted due to an exclude both
              hiding source files and protecting destination files.   See  the
              perishable filter-rule option for how to avoid this.

              You  can  prevent  the pruning of certain empty directories from
              the file-list by using a global "protect" filter.  For instance,
              this  option would ensure that the directory "emptydir" was kept
              in the file-list:

              --filter 'protect emptydir/'

              Here's an example that copies all .pdf  files  in  a  hierarchy,
              only  creating the necessary destination directories to hold the
              .pdf files, and ensures that any superfluous files and  directo-
              ries  in  the  destination  are removed (note the hide filter of
              non-directories being used instead of an exclude):

              rsync -avm --del --include='*.pdf' -f 'hide,! */' src/ dest

              If you didn't want to remove superfluous destination files,  the
              more  time-honored  options  of  "--include='*/'  --exclude='*'"
              would work fine in place of the hide-filter  (if  that  is  more
              natural to you).

       --progress
              This  option  tells  rsync  to  print  information  showing  the
              progress of the transfer. This gives a bored user  something  to
              watch.   With  a  modern  rsync  this  is the same as specifying
              --info=flist2,name,progress, but any user-supplied settings  for
              those   info   flags   takes   precedence  (e.g.  "--info=flist0
              --progress").

              While rsync  is  transferring  a  regular  file,  it  updates  a
              progress line that looks like this:

                    782448  63%  110.64kB/s    0:00:04

              In  this example, the receiver has reconstructed 782448 bytes or
              63% of the sender's file, which is being reconstructed at a rate
              of  110.64 kilobytes per second, and the transfer will finish in
              4 seconds if the current rate is maintained until the end.

              These statistics can be misleading if rsync's delta-transfer al-
              gorithm  is  in use.  For example, if the sender's file consists
              of the basis file followed by additional data, the reported rate
              will  probably  drop  dramatically when the receiver gets to the
              literal data, and the transfer will probably take much longer to
              finish  than  the  receiver  estimated  as  it was finishing the
              matched part of the file.

              When the file transfer finishes,  rsync  replaces  the  progress
              line with a summary line that looks like this:

                    1,238,099 100%  146.38kB/s    0:00:08  (xfr#5, to-chk=169/396)

              In this example, the file was 1,238,099 bytes long in total, the
              average rate of transfer for the whole file was 146.38 kilobytes
              per  second  over the 8 seconds that it took to complete, it was
              the 5th transfer of a regular file during the current rsync ses-
              sion, and there are 169 more files for the receiver to check (to
              see if they are up-to-date or not) remaining out of the 396  to-
              tal files in the file-list.

              In  an  incremental  recursion  scan, rsync won't know the total
              number of files in the file-list until it reaches  the  ends  of
              the scan, but since it starts to transfer files during the scan,
              it will display a line with the text "ir-chk"  (for  incremental
              recursion  check)  instead  of  "to-chk" until the point that it
              knows the full size of the list, at which point it  will  switch
              to using "to-chk".  Thus, seeing "ir-chk" lets you know that the
              total count of files in the file list is still going to increase
              (and  each  time it does, the count of files left to check  will
              increase by the number of the files added to the list).

       -P     The -P option is equivalent to --partial --progress.   Its  pur-
              pose  is to make it much easier to specify these two options for
              a long transfer that may be interrupted.

              There is also a --info=progress2 option that outputs  statistics
              based  on the whole transfer, rather than individual files.  Use
              this flag without outputting a filename (e.g. avoid -v or  spec-
              ify  --info=name0)  if you want to see how the transfer is doing
              without scrolling the screen with a lot of  names.   (You  don't
              need   to   specify  the  --progress  option  in  order  to  use
              --info=progress2.)

       --password-file=FILE
              This option allows you to provide a password  for  accessing  an
              rsync daemon via a file or via standard input if FILE is -.  The
              file should contain just the password on  the  first  line  (all
              other lines are ignored).  Rsync will exit with an error if FILE
              is world readable  or  if  a  root-run  rsync  command  finds  a
              non-root-owned file.

              This  option does not supply a password to a remote shell trans-
              port such as ssh; to learn how to do that,  consult  the  remote
              shell's  documentation.   When accessing an rsync daemon using a
              remote shell as the transport, this option only comes  into  ef-
              fect after the remote shell finishes its authentication (i.e. if
              you have also specified a password in the daemon's config file).

       --list-only
              This option will cause the source files to be listed instead  of
              transferred.   This  option  is  inferred  if  there is a single
              source arg and no destination specified, so its main  uses  are:
              (1)  to turn a copy command that includes a destination arg into
              a file-listing command, or (2) to be able to specify  more  than
              one source arg (note: be sure to include the destination).  Cau-
              tion: keep in mind that a source arg with  a  wild-card  is  ex-
              panded  by  the shell into multiple args, so it is never safe to
              try to list such an arg without using this option.  For example:

                  rsync -av --list-only foo* dest/

              Starting with rsync 3.1.0, the sizes output by  --list-only  are
              affected  by  the --human-readable option.  By default they will
              contain digit separators, but higher levels of readability  will
              output  the sizes with unit suffixes.  Note also that the column
              width for the size output has increased from 11 to 14 characters
              for all human-readable levels.  Use --no-h if you want just dig-
              its in the sizes, and the old column width of 11 characters.

              Compatibility note:  when requesting a remote listing  of  files
              from  an rsync that is version 2.6.3 or older, you may encounter
              an error if you ask for a non-recursive listing.   This  is  be-
              cause  a file listing implies the --dirs option w/o --recursive,
              and older rsyncs don't have that option.  To avoid this problem,
              either specify the --no-dirs option (if you don't need to expand
              a directory's content), or turn on  recursion  and  exclude  the
              content of subdirectories: -r --exclude='/*/*'.

       --bwlimit=RATE
              This  option allows you to specify the maximum transfer rate for
              the data sent over the socket, specified in  units  per  second.
              The  RATE value can be suffixed with a string to indicate a size
              multiplier,   and   may   be   a    fractional    value    (e.g.
              "--bwlimit=1.5m").  If no suffix is specified, the value will be
              assumed to be in units of 1024 bytes (as if  "K"  or  "KiB"  had
              been  appended).  See the --max-size option for a description of
              all the available suffixes. A value of zero specifies no limit.

              For backward-compatibility  reasons,  the  rate  limit  will  be
              rounded  to  the  nearest KiB unit, so no rate smaller than 1024
              bytes per second is possible.

              Rsync writes data over the socket in  blocks,  and  this  option
              both  limits the size of the blocks that rsync writes, and tries
              to keep the average transfer rate at the requested limit.   Some
              "burstiness"  may be seen where rsync writes out a block of data
              and then sleeps to bring the average rate into compliance.

              Due to the internal buffering of data, the --progress option may
              not  be  an  accurate  reflection  on how fast the data is being
              sent.  This is because some files can show up as  being  rapidly
              sent  when the data is quickly buffered, while other can show up
              as very slow when the flushing  of  the  output  buffer  occurs.
              This may be fixed in a future version.

       --write-batch=FILE
              Record  a  file  that  can later be applied to another identical
              destination with --read-batch. See the "BATCH MODE" section  for
              details, and also the --only-write-batch option.

       --only-write-batch=FILE
              Works like --write-batch, except that no updates are made on the
              destination system when  creating  the  batch.   This  lets  you
              transport  the  changes to the destination system via some other
              means and then apply the changes via --read-batch.

              Note that you can feel free to write the batch directly to  some
              portable  media:  if this media fills to capacity before the end
              of the transfer, you can just apply that partial transfer to the
              destination  and repeat the whole process to get the rest of the
              changes (as long as you don't mind a partially updated  destina-
              tion system while the multi-update cycle is happening).

              Also note that you only save bandwidth when pushing changes to a
              remote system because this allows the batched  data  to  be  di-
              verted  from  the  sender  into the batch file without having to
              flow over the wire to the receiver (when pulling, the sender  is
              remote, and thus can't write the batch).

       --read-batch=FILE
              Apply  all of the changes stored in FILE, a file previously gen-
              erated by --write-batch.  If FILE is -, the batch data  will  be
              read  from standard input.  See the "BATCH MODE" section for de-
              tails.

       --protocol=NUM
              Force an older protocol version to be used.  This is useful  for
              creating  a  batch file that is compatible with an older version
              of rsync.  For instance, if rsync 2.6.4 is being used  with  the
              --write-batch  option,  but  rsync 2.6.3 is what will be used to
              run the --read-batch option, you should use "--protocol=28" when
              creating  the  batch file to force the older protocol version to
              be used in the batch file (assuming you can't upgrade the  rsync
              on the reading system).

       --iconv=CONVERT_SPEC
              Rsync  can  convert  filenames between character sets using this
              option.  Using a CONVERT_SPEC of "." tells rsync to look up  the
              default  character-set via the locale setting.  Alternately, you
              can fully specify what conversion to do by giving a local and  a
              remote  charset  separated  by  a comma in the order --iconv=LO-
              CAL,REMOTE, e.g.   --iconv=utf8,iso88591.   This  order  ensures
              that  the  option  will  stay the same whether you're pushing or
              pulling files.  Finally, you can specify either --no-iconv or  a
              CONVERT_SPEC  of  "-"  to  turn off any conversion.  The default
              setting of this option is site-specific, and  can  also  be  af-
              fected via the RSYNC_ICONV environment variable.

              For  a  list of what charset names your local iconv library sup-
              ports, you can run "iconv --list".

              If you specify the --protect-args option (-s), rsync will trans-
              late  the filenames you specify on the command-line that are be-
              ing sent to the remote host.  See also the --files-from option.

              Note that rsync does not do any conversion of  names  in  filter
              files (including include/exclude files).  It is up to you to en-
              sure that you're specifying matching rules  that  can  match  on
              both sides of the transfer.  For instance, you can specify extra
              include/exclude rules if there are filename differences  on  the
              two sides that need to be accounted for.

              When  you  pass an --iconv option to an rsync daemon that allows
              it, the daemon uses the charset specified in its "charset"  con-
              figuration  parameter regardless of the remote charset you actu-
              ally pass.  Thus, you may feel free to specify  just  the  local
              charset for a daemon transfer (e.g. --iconv=utf8).

       -4, --ipv4 or -6, --ipv6
              Tells  rsync  to  prefer  IPv4/IPv6 when creating sockets.  This
              only affects sockets that rsync has direct control over, such as
              the  outgoing  socket  when directly contacting an rsync daemon.
              See also these options in the --daemon mode section.

              If rsync was complied without support for IPv6, the  --ipv6  op-
              tion will have no effect.  The --version output will tell you if
              this is the case.

       --checksum-seed=NUM
              Set the checksum seed to the integer NUM.  This 4 byte  checksum
              seed is included in each block and MD4 file checksum calculation
              (the more modern MD5 file checksums don't use a seed).   By  de-
              fault  the checksum seed is generated by the server and defaults
              to the current time() .  This option is used to set  a  specific
              checksum  seed,  which  is useful for applications that want re-
              peatable block checksums, or in the case where the user wants  a
              more random checksum seed.  Setting NUM to 0 causes rsync to use
              the default of time() for checksum seed.

DAEMON OPTIONS
       The options allowed when starting an rsync daemon are as follows:

       --daemon
              This tells rsync that it is to run as a daemon.  The daemon  you
              start  running  may  be accessed using an rsync client using the
              host::module or rsync://host/module/ syntax.

              If standard input is a socket then rsync will assume that it  is
              being  run  via inetd, otherwise it will detach from the current
              terminal and become a background daemon.  The daemon  will  read
              the  config  file (rsyncd.conf) on each connect made by a client
              and respond to requests accordingly.  See the rsyncd.conf(5) man
              page for more details.

       --address
              By default rsync will bind to the wildcard address when run as a
              daemon with the --daemon option.  The  --address  option  allows
              you  to  specify a specific IP address (or hostname) to bind to.
              This makes virtual hosting  possible  in  conjunction  with  the
              --config  option.   See  also the "address" global option in the
              rsyncd.conf manpage.

       --bwlimit=RATE
              This option allows you to specify the maximum transfer rate  for
              the data the daemon sends over the socket.  The client can still
              specify a smaller --bwlimit value, but no larger value  will  be
              allowed.  See the client version of this option (above) for some
              extra details.

       --config=FILE
              This specifies an alternate config file than the default.   This
              is  only  relevant  when  --daemon is specified.  The default is
              /etc/rsyncd.conf unless the daemon  is  running  over  a  remote
              shell program and the remote user is not the super-user; in that
              case the default is rsyncd.conf in the current directory  (typi-
              cally $HOME).

       -M, --dparam=OVERRIDE
              This  option  can  be used to set a daemon-config parameter when
              starting up rsync in daemon mode.  It is  equivalent  to  adding
              the  parameter  at  the  end of the global settings prior to the
              first module's definition.  The parameter names can be specified
              without spaces, if you so desire.  For instance:

                  rsync --daemon -M pidfile=/path/rsync.pid

       --no-detach
              When running as a daemon, this option instructs rsync to not de-
              tach itself and become a background process.  This option is re-
              quired when running as a service on Cygwin, and may also be use-
              ful when rsync is supervised by a program such as daemontools or
              AIX's  System  Resource  Controller.  --no-detach is also recom-
              mended when rsync is run under a debugger.  This option  has  no
              effect if rsync is run from inetd or sshd.

       --port=PORT
              This  specifies  an  alternate TCP port number for the daemon to
              listen on rather than the default of 873.  See also  the  "port"
              global option in the rsyncd.conf manpage.

       --log-file=FILE
              This  option  tells  the  rsync daemon to use the given log-file
              name instead of using the "log file" setting in the config file.

       --log-file-format=FORMAT
              This option tells the rsync  daemon  to  use  the  given  FORMAT
              string  instead  of using the "log format" setting in the config
              file.  It also enables "transfer logging" unless the  string  is
              empty, in which case transfer logging is turned off.

       --sockopts
              This  overrides  the  socket  options setting in the rsyncd.conf
              file and has the same syntax.

       -v, --verbose
              This option increases the amount of information the daemon  logs
              during  its  startup phase.  After the client connects, the dae-
              mon's verbosity level will be controlled by the options that the
              client used and the "max verbosity" setting in the module's con-
              fig section.

       -4, --ipv4 or -6, --ipv6
              Tells rsync to prefer IPv4/IPv6 when creating the incoming sock-
              ets  that  the  rsync daemon will use to listen for connections.
              One of these options may be required in older versions of  Linux
              to work around an IPv6 bug in the kernel (if you see an "address
              already in use" error when nothing else is using the  port,  try
              specifying --ipv6 or --ipv4 when starting the daemon).

              If  rsync  was complied without support for IPv6, the --ipv6 op-
              tion will have no effect.  The --version output will tell you if
              this is the case.

       -h, --help
              When  specified after --daemon, print a short help page describ-
              ing the options available for starting an rsync daemon.

FILTER RULES
       The filter rules allow for flexible selection of which files to  trans-
       fer  (include) and which files to skip (exclude).  The rules either di-
       rectly specify include/exclude patterns or they specify a  way  to  ac-
       quire more include/exclude patterns (e.g. to read them from a file).

       As  the  list  of  files/directories to transfer is built, rsync checks
       each name to be transferred against the list  of  include/exclude  pat-
       terns in turn, and the first matching pattern is acted on:  if it is an
       exclude pattern, then that file is skipped; if it is an include pattern
       then  that  filename  is  not skipped; if no matching pattern is found,
       then the filename is not skipped.

       Rsync builds an ordered list of filter rules as specified on  the  com-
       mand-line.  Filter rules have the following syntax:

              RULE [PATTERN_OR_FILENAME]
              RULE,MODIFIERS [PATTERN_OR_FILENAME]

       You  have  your choice of using either short or long RULE names, as de-
       scribed below.  If you use a short-named rule, the ','  separating  the
       RULE from the MODIFIERS is optional.  The PATTERN or FILENAME that fol-
       lows (when present) must come after either a single space or an  under-
       score (_).  Here are the available rule prefixes:

              exclude, - specifies an exclude pattern.
              include, + specifies an include pattern.
              merge, . specifies a merge-file to read for more rules.
              dir-merge, : specifies a per-directory merge-file.
              hide, H specifies a pattern for hiding files from the transfer.
              show, S files that match the pattern are not hidden.
              protect,  P  specifies a pattern for protecting files from dele-
              tion.
              risk, R files that match the pattern are not protected.
              clear, ! clears the current include/exclude list (takes no arg)

       When rules are being read from a file, empty lines are ignored, as  are
       comment lines that start with a "#".

       Note that the --include/--exclude command-line options do not allow the
       full range of rule parsing as described above -- they  only  allow  the
       specification of include/exclude patterns plus a "!" token to clear the
       list (and the normal comment parsing when rules are read from a  file).
       If  a  pattern  does  not  begin with "- " (dash, space) or "+ " (plus,
       space), then the rule will be interpreted as if "+ "  (for  an  include
       option) or "- " (for an exclude option) were prefixed to the string.  A
       --filter option, on the other hand, must always contain either a  short
       or long rule name at the start of the rule.

       Note  also that the --filter, --include, and --exclude options take one
       rule/pattern each. To add multiple ones, you can repeat the options  on
       the  command-line, use the merge-file syntax of the --filter option, or
       the --include-from/--exclude-from options.

INCLUDE/EXCLUDE PATTERN RULES
       You can include and exclude files by specifying patterns using the "+",
       "-",  etc.  filter  rules  (as  introduced  in the FILTER RULES section
       above).  The include/exclude rules  each  specify  a  pattern  that  is
       matched  against  the  names  of  the files that are going to be trans-
       ferred.  These patterns can take several forms:

       o      if the pattern starts with a / then it is anchored to a particu-
              lar  spot  in  the  hierarchy  of files, otherwise it is matched
              against the end of the pathname.  This is similar to a leading ^
              in regular expressions.  Thus "/foo" would match a name of "foo"
              at either the "root of the transfer" (for a global rule)  or  in
              the  merge-file's  directory (for a per-directory rule).  An un-
              qualified "foo" would match a name of "foo" anywhere in the tree
              because  the algorithm is applied recursively from the top down;
              it behaves as if each path component gets a turn  at  being  the
              end  of the filename.  Even the unanchored "sub/foo" would match
              at any point in the hierarchy where a "foo" was found  within  a
              directory named "sub".  See the section on ANCHORING INCLUDE/EX-
              CLUDE PATTERNS for a full discussion of how to specify a pattern
              that matches at the root of the transfer.

       o      if  the  pattern  ends with a / then it will only match a direc-
              tory, not a regular file, symlink, or device.

       o      rsync chooses between doing a simple string match  and  wildcard
              matching  by checking if the pattern contains one of these three
              wildcard characters: '*', '?', and '[' .

       o      a '*' matches any path component, but it stops at slashes.

       o      use '**' to match anything, including slashes.

       o      a '?' matches any character except a slash (/).

       o      a '[' introduces a character class,  such  as  [a-z]  or  [[:al-
              pha:]].

       o      in a wildcard pattern, a backslash can be used to escape a wild-
              card character, but it is matched literally  when  no  wildcards
              are  present.   This means that there is an extra level of back-
              slash removal when a pattern contains wildcard  characters  com-
              pared to a pattern that has none.  e.g. if you add a wildcard to
              "foo\bar" (which matches the backslash) you would  need  to  use
              "foo\\bar*" to avoid the "\b" becoming just "b".

       o      if  the  pattern  contains  a / (not counting a trailing /) or a
              "**", then it is matched against the  full  pathname,  including
              any leading directories. If the pattern doesn't contain a / or a
              "**", then it is matched only against the final component of the
              filename.   (Remember  that the algorithm is applied recursively
              so "full filename" can actually be any portion of  a  path  from
              the starting directory on down.)

       o      a  trailing  "dir_name/***" will match both the directory (as if
              "dir_name/" had been specified) and everything in the  directory
              (as  if  "dir_name/**"  had  been specified).  This behavior was
              added in version 2.6.7.

       Note that, when using the --recursive (-r) option (which is implied  by
       -a),  every  subdir  component  of every path is visited left to right,
       with each directory having a chance for exclusion before  its  content.
       In  this  way  include/exclude  patterns are applied recursively to the
       pathname of each node in the filesystem's tree (those inside the trans-
       fer).  The exclude patterns short-circuit the directory traversal stage
       as rsync finds the files to send.

       For instance, to include "/foo/bar/baz",  the  directories  "/foo"  and
       "/foo/bar"  must not be excluded.  Excluding one of those parent direc-
       tories prevents the examination of its content, cutting off rsync's re-
       cursion  into  those paths and rendering the include for "/foo/bar/baz"
       ineffectual (since rsync can't match something it  never  sees  in  the
       cut-off section of the directory hierarchy).

       The  concept  path  exclusion  is  particularly  important when using a
       trailing '*' rule.  For instance, this won't work:

              + /some/path/this-file-will-not-be-found
              + /file-is-included
              - *

       This fails because the parent directory "some" is excluded by  the  '*'
       rule,  so  rsync  never  visits  any  of  the  files  in  the "some" or
       "some/path" directories.  One solution is to ask for all directories in
       the  hierarchy  to  be  included by using a single rule: "+ */" (put it
       somewhere   before   the   "-   *"   rule),   and   perhaps   use   the
       --prune-empty-dirs option.  Another solution is to add specific include
       rules for all the parent dirs that need to be visited.   For  instance,
       this set of rules works fine:

              + /some/
              + /some/path/
              + /some/path/this-file-is-found
              + /file-also-included
              - *

       Here are some examples of exclude/include matching:

       o      "- *.o" would exclude all names matching *.o

       o      "-  /foo"  would  exclude a file (or directory) named foo in the
              transfer-root directory

       o      "- foo/" would exclude any directory named foo

       o      "- /foo/*/bar" would exclude any file named bar which is at  two
              levels  below  a directory named foo in the transfer-root direc-
              tory

       o      "- /foo/**/bar" would exclude any file named  bar  two  or  more
              levels  below  a directory named foo in the transfer-root direc-
              tory

       o      The combination of "+ */", "+ *.c", and "- *" would include  all
              directories  and  C  source files but nothing else (see also the
              --prune-empty-dirs option)

       o      The combination of "+ foo/", "+ foo/bar.c", and "- *" would  in-
              clude  only  the  foo directory and foo/bar.c (the foo directory
              must be explicitly included or it would be excluded by the "*")

       The following modifiers are accepted after a "+" or "-":

       o      A / specifies that the include/exclude rule  should  be  matched
              against the absolute pathname of the current item.  For example,
              "-/ /etc/passwd" would exclude the  passwd  file  any  time  the
              transfer  was  sending  files from the "/etc" directory, and "-/
              subdir/foo" would always exclude "foo" when it is in a dir named
              "subdir", even if "foo" is at the root of the current transfer.

       o      A ! specifies that the include/exclude should take effect if the
              pattern fails to match.  For instance, "-! */" would exclude all
              non-directories.

       o      A  C  is  used to indicate that all the global CVS-exclude rules
              should be inserted as excludes in place of  the  "-C".   No  arg
              should follow.

       o      An  s  is  used to indicate that the rule applies to the sending
              side.  When a rule affects the sending side, it  prevents  files
              from  being  transferred.   The  default is for a rule to affect
              both sides unless --delete-excluded was specified, in which case
              default  rules  become  sender-side only.  See also the hide (H)
              and show (S) rules, which are an alternate way to specify  send-
              ing-side includes/excludes.

       o      An  r is used to indicate that the rule applies to the receiving
              side.  When a rule affects the receiving side, it prevents files
              from being deleted.  See the s modifier for more info.  See also
              the protect (P) and risk (R) rules, which are an  alternate  way
              to specify receiver-side includes/excludes.

       o      A  p indicates that a rule is perishable, meaning that it is ig-
              nored in directories that are being deleted.  For instance,  the
              -C  option's  default  rules  that exclude things like "CVS" and
              "*.o" are marked as perishable, and will not prevent a directory
              that  was removed on the source from being deleted on the desti-
              nation.

       o      An x  indicates  that  a  rule  affects  xattr  names  in  xattr
              copy/delete  operations  (and  is  thus  ignored  when  matching
              file/dir names). If no xattr-matching rules are specified, a de-
              fault xattr filtering rule is used (see the --xattrs option).

MERGE-FILE FILTER RULES
       You can merge whole files into your filter rules by specifying either a
       merge (.) or a dir-merge (:) filter rule (as introduced in  the  FILTER
       RULES section above).

       There  are  two  kinds  of  merged  files  -- single-instance ('.') and
       per-directory (':').  A single-instance merge file is  read  one  time,
       and its rules are incorporated into the filter list in the place of the
       "." rule.  For per-directory merge files, rsync will scan every  direc-
       tory  that  it  traverses for the named file, merging its contents when
       the file exists into  the  current  list  of  inherited  rules.   These
       per-directory rule files must be created on the sending side because it
       is the sending side that is being scanned for the  available  files  to
       transfer.   These rule files may also need to be transferred to the re-
       ceiving side if you want them to affect what files  don't  get  deleted
       (see PER-DIRECTORY RULES AND DELETE below).

       Some examples:

              merge /etc/rsync/default.rules
              . /etc/rsync/default.rules
              dir-merge .per-dir-filter
              dir-merge,n- .non-inherited-per-dir-excludes
              :n- .non-inherited-per-dir-excludes

       The following modifiers are accepted after a merge or dir-merge rule:

       o      A  - specifies that the file should consist of only exclude pat-
              terns, with no other rule-parsing except for in-file comments.

       o      A + specifies that the file should consist of only include  pat-
              terns, with no other rule-parsing except for in-file comments.

       o      A  C  is  a  way  to  specify  that the file should be read in a
              CVS-compatible manner.  This turns on 'n',  'w',  and  '-',  but
              also  allows the list-clearing token (!) to be specified.  If no
              filename is provided, ".cvsignore" is assumed.

       o      A e will exclude the merge-file name  from  the  transfer;  e.g.
              "dir-merge,e .rules" is like "dir-merge .rules" and "- .rules".

       o      An  n  specifies that the rules are not inherited by subdirecto-
              ries.

       o      A w specifies that the rules are word-split  on  whitespace  in-
              stead  of  the  normal line-splitting.  This also turns off com-
              ments.  Note: the space that separates the prefix from the  rule
              is  treated  specially,  so "- foo + bar" is parsed as two rules
              (assuming that prefix-parsing wasn't also disabled).

       o      You may also specify any of the modifiers for  the  "+"  or  "-"
              rules  (above)  in order to have the rules that are read in from
              the file default to having that modifier set (except for  the  !
              modifier,  which  would not be useful).  For instance, "merge,-/
              .excl" would treat the contents of .excl  as  absolute-path  ex-
              cludes,  while "dir-merge,s .filt" and ":sC" would each make all
              their per-directory rules apply only on the  sending  side.   If
              the  merge  rule specifies sides to affect (via the s or r modi-
              fier or both), then the rules in the file must not specify sides
              (via a modifier or a rule prefix such as hide).

       Per-directory  rules  are inherited in all subdirectories of the direc-
       tory where the merge-file was found unless the 'n' modifier  was  used.
       Each  subdirectory's  rules are prefixed to the inherited per-directory
       rules from its parents, which gives the newest rules a higher  priority
       than  the  inherited  rules.   The  entire  set  of dir-merge rules are
       grouped together in the spot where the merge-file was specified, so  it
       is  possible  to override dir-merge rules via a rule that got specified
       earlier in the list of global rules.  When the list-clearing rule ("!")
       is  read  from a per-directory file, it only clears the inherited rules
       for the current merge file.

       Another way to prevent a single rule from a dir-merge file  from  being
       inherited  is  to  anchor it with a leading slash.  Anchored rules in a
       per-directory merge-file are relative to the merge-file's directory, so
       a pattern "/foo" would only match the file "foo" in the directory where
       the dir-merge filter file was found.

       Here's an example filter  file  which  you'd  specify  via  --filter=".
       file":

              merge /home/user/.global-filter
              - *.gz
              dir-merge .rules
              + *.[ch]
              - *.o

       This  will  merge the contents of the /home/user/.global-filter file at
       the start of the list and also  turns  the  ".rules"  filename  into  a
       per-directory filter file.  All rules read in prior to the start of the
       directory scan follow the global anchoring rules (i.e. a leading  slash
       matches at the root of the transfer).

       If a per-directory merge-file is specified with a path that is a parent
       directory of the first transfer directory, rsync will scan all the par-
       ent dirs from that starting point to the transfer directory for the in-
       dicated per-directory file.  For instance, here is a common filter (see
       -F):

              --filter=': /.rsync-filter'

       That  rule tells rsync to scan for the file .rsync-filter in all direc-
       tories from the root down through the parent directory of the  transfer
       prior  to the start of the normal directory scan of the file in the di-
       rectories that are sent as a part of the transfer.  (Note: for an rsync
       daemon, the root is always the same as the module's "path".)

       Some examples of this pre-scanning for per-directory files:

              rsync -avF /src/path/ /dest/dir
              rsync -av --filter=': ../../.rsync-filter' /src/path/ /dest/dir
              rsync -av --filter=': .rsync-filter' /src/path/ /dest/dir

       The  first  two commands above will look for ".rsync-filter" in "/" and
       "/src"  before  the  normal  scan  begins  looking  for  the  file   in
       "/src/path"  and  its subdirectories.  The last command avoids the par-
       ent-dir scan and only looks for the ".rsync-filter" files in  each  di-
       rectory that is a part of the transfer.

       If you want to include the contents of a ".cvsignore" in your patterns,
       you should use the rule ":C", which creates a dir-merge of the  .cvsig-
       nore  file, but parsed in a CVS-compatible manner.  You can use this to
       affect where the --cvs-exclude (-C) option's inclusion of  the  per-di-
       rectory .cvsignore file gets placed into your rules by putting the ":C"
       wherever you like in your filter rules.  Without this, rsync would  add
       the dir-merge rule for the .cvsignore file at the end of all your other
       rules (giving it a lower priority than your command-line  rules).   For
       example:

              cat <<EOT | rsync -avC --filter='. -' a/ b
              + foo.o
              :C
              - *.old
              EOT
              rsync -avC --include=foo.o -f :C --exclude='*.old' a/ b

       Both  of  the  above rsync commands are identical.  Each one will merge
       all the per-directory .cvsignore rules in the middle of the list rather
       than at the end.  This allows their dir-specific rules to supersede the
       rules that follow the :C instead  of  being  subservient  to  all  your
       rules.  To affect the other CVS exclude rules (i.e. the default list of
       exclusions, the contents of $HOME/.cvsignore, and the value of  $CVSIG-
       NORE)  you  should omit the -C command-line option and instead insert a
       "-C" rule into your filter rules; e.g. "--filter=-C".

LIST-CLEARING FILTER RULE
       You can clear the current include/exclude list by using the "!"  filter
       rule  (as introduced in the FILTER RULES section above).  The "current"
       list is either the global list of rules (if  the  rule  is  encountered
       while  parsing  the  filter  options)  or  a set of per-directory rules
       (which are inherited in their own sub-list, so a subdirectory  can  use
       this to clear out the parent's rules).

ANCHORING INCLUDE/EXCLUDE PATTERNS
       As  mentioned  earlier, global include/exclude patterns are anchored at
       the "root of the transfer" (as opposed to per-directory patterns, which
       are  anchored  at  the  merge-file's  directory).   If you think of the
       transfer as a subtree of names that are being sent from sender  to  re-
       ceiver,  the transfer-root is where the tree starts to be duplicated in
       the destination directory.  This root governs where patterns that start
       with a / match.

       Because  the  matching  is  relative to the transfer-root, changing the
       trailing slash on a source path or changing your use of the  --relative
       option  affects  the path you need to use in your matching (in addition
       to changing how much of the file tree is duplicated on the  destination
       host).  The following examples demonstrate this.

       Let's  say that we want to match two source files, one with an absolute
       path of "/home/me/foo/bar", and one with a path of "/home/you/bar/baz".
       Here is how the various command choices differ for a 2-source transfer:

              Example cmd: rsync -a /home/me /home/you /dest
              +/- pattern: /me/foo/bar
              +/- pattern: /you/bar/baz
              Target file: /dest/me/foo/bar
              Target file: /dest/you/bar/baz

              Example cmd: rsync -a /home/me/ /home/you/ /dest
              +/- pattern: /foo/bar               (note missing "me")
              +/- pattern: /bar/baz               (note missing "you")
              Target file: /dest/foo/bar
              Target file: /dest/bar/baz

              Example cmd: rsync -a --relative /home/me/ /home/you /dest
              +/- pattern: /home/me/foo/bar       (note full path)
              +/- pattern: /home/you/bar/baz      (ditto)
              Target file: /dest/home/me/foo/bar
              Target file: /dest/home/you/bar/baz

              Example cmd: cd /home; rsync -a --relative me/foo you/ /dest
              +/- pattern: /me/foo/bar      (starts at specified path)
              +/- pattern: /you/bar/baz     (ditto)
              Target file: /dest/me/foo/bar
              Target file: /dest/you/bar/baz

       The  easiest  way to see what name you should filter is to just look at
       the output when using --verbose and put a / in front of the  name  (use
       the --dry-run option if you're not yet ready to copy any files).

PER-DIRECTORY RULES AND DELETE
       Without  a  delete option, per-directory rules are only relevant on the
       sending side, so you can feel free to exclude  the  merge  files  them-
       selves without affecting the transfer.  To make this easy, the 'e' mod-
       ifier adds this exclude for you, as seen in these two  equivalent  com-
       mands:

              rsync -av --filter=': .excl' --exclude=.excl host:src/dir /dest
              rsync -av --filter=':e .excl' host:src/dir /dest

       However,  if you want to do a delete on the receiving side AND you want
       some files to be excluded from being deleted, you'll need  to  be  sure
       that  the  receiving side knows what files to exclude.  The easiest way
       is to include the per-directory merge files in  the  transfer  and  use
       --delete-after,  because  this ensures that the receiving side gets all
       the same exclude rules as the sending side before it  tries  to  delete
       anything:

              rsync -avF --delete-after host:src/dir /dest

       However, if the merge files are not a part of the transfer, you'll need
       to either specify some global exclude rules (i.e. specified on the com-
       mand  line),  or  you'll  need to maintain your own per-directory merge
       files on the receiving side.  An example of the first is  this  (assume
       that the remote .rules files exclude themselves):

       rsync -av --filter=': .rules' --filter='. /my/extra.rules'
          --delete host:src/dir /dest

       In  the above example the extra.rules file can affect both sides of the
       transfer, but (on the sending side) the rules are  subservient  to  the
       rules  merged  from  the .rules files because they were specified after
       the per-directory merge rule.

       In one final example, the remote side is  excluding  the  .rsync-filter
       files from the transfer, but we want to use our own .rsync-filter files
       to control what gets deleted on the receiving side.  To do this we must
       specifically  exclude the per-directory merge files (so that they don't
       get deleted) and then put rules into the local files  to  control  what
       else should not get deleted.  Like one of these commands:

           rsync -av --filter=':e /.rsync-filter' --delete \
               host:src/dir /dest
           rsync -avFF --delete host:src/dir /dest

BATCH MODE
       Batch mode can be used to apply the same set of updates to many identi-
       cal systems. Suppose one has a tree which is replicated on a number  of
       hosts.  Now suppose some changes have been made to this source tree and
       those changes need to be propagated to the other hosts. In order to  do
       this  using batch mode, rsync is run with the write-batch option to ap-
       ply the changes made to the source  tree  to  one  of  the  destination
       trees.   The  write-batch  option causes the rsync client to store in a
       "batch file" all  the  information  needed  to  repeat  this  operation
       against other, identical destination trees.

       Generating the batch file once saves having to perform the file status,
       checksum, and data block generation more than once when updating multi-
       ple  destination  trees.  Multicast  transport protocols can be used to
       transfer the batch update files in parallel to many hosts at once,  in-
       stead of sending the same data to every host individually.

       To  apply  the  recorded changes to another destination tree, run rsync
       with the read-batch option, specifying the name of the same batch file,
       and the destination tree.  Rsync updates the destination tree using the
       information stored in the batch file.

       For  your  convenience,  a  script  file  is  also  created  when   the
       write-batch  option  is  used:   it will be named the same as the batch
       file with ".sh" appended.  This script  file  contains  a  command-line
       suitable  for  updating  a  destination tree using the associated batch
       file. It can be executed using a Bourne (or Bourne-like) shell, option-
       ally  passing  in  an alternate destination tree pathname which is then
       used instead of the original destination path.  This is useful when the
       destination  tree path on the current host differs from the one used to
       create the batch file.

       Examples:

              $ rsync --write-batch=foo -a host:/source/dir/ /adest/dir/
              $ scp foo* remote:
              $ ssh remote ./foo.sh /bdest/dir/

              $ rsync --write-batch=foo -a /source/dir/ /adest/dir/
              $ ssh remote rsync --read-batch=- -a /bdest/dir/ <foo

       In  these  examples,  rsync  is  used  to   update   /adest/dir/   from
       /source/dir/  and the information to repeat this operation is stored in
       "foo" and "foo.sh".  The host "remote" is then updated with the batched
       data  going into the directory /bdest/dir.  The differences between the
       two examples reveals some of the flexibility you have in how  you  deal
       with batches:

       o      The first example shows that the initial copy doesn't have to be
              local -- you can push or pull data to/from a remote  host  using
              either  the  remote-shell  syntax or rsync daemon syntax, as de-
              sired.

       o      The first example uses the created  "foo.sh"  file  to  get  the
              right  rsync  options when running the read-batch command on the
              remote host.

       o      The second example reads the batch data via  standard  input  so
              that  the batch file doesn't need to be copied to the remote ma-
              chine first.  This example avoids the foo.sh script  because  it
              needed to use a modified --read-batch option, but you could edit
              the script file if you wished to make use of it  (just  be  sure
              that  no  other  option is trying to use standard input, such as
              the "--exclude-from=-" option).

       Caveats:

       The read-batch option expects the destination tree that it is  updating
       to  be  identical  to  the destination tree that was used to create the
       batch update fileset.  When a difference between the destination  trees
       is  encountered  the  update  might be discarded with a warning (if the
       file appears to be up-to-date already) or the file-update  may  be  at-
       tempted  and  then,  if  the file fails to verify, the update discarded
       with an error.   This  means  that  it  should  be  safe  to  re-run  a
       read-batch  operation  if  the command got interrupted.  If you wish to
       force the batched-update to  always  be  attempted  regardless  of  the
       file's  size  and date, use the -I option (when reading the batch).  If
       an error occurs, the destination tree will probably be in  a  partially
       updated  state.  In  that  case,  rsync  can  be  used  in  its regular
       (non-batch) mode of operation to fix up the destination tree.

       The rsync version used on all destinations must be at least as  new  as
       the  one used to generate the batch file.  Rsync will die with an error
       if the  protocol  version  in  the  batch  file  is  too  new  for  the
       batch-reading  rsync  to  handle.  See also the --protocol option for a
       way to have the creating rsync generate a  batch  file  that  an  older
       rsync can understand.  (Note that batch files changed format in version
       2.6.3, so mixing versions older than that with newer versions will  not
       work.)

       When  reading  a  batch file, rsync will force the value of certain op-
       tions to match the data in the batch file if you didn't set them to the
       same  as  the batch-writing command.  Other options can (and should) be
       changed.   For  instance   --write-batch   changes   to   --read-batch,
       --files-from  is  dropped, and the --filter/--include/--exclude options
       are not needed unless one of the --delete options is specified.

       The code that creates  the  BATCH.sh  file  transforms  any  filter/in-
       clude/exclude  options  into a single list that is appended as a "here"
       document to the shell script file.  An advanced user can  use  this  to
       modify the exclude list if a change in what gets deleted by --delete is
       desired.  A normal user can ignore this detail and just use  the  shell
       script  as  an easy way to run the appropriate --read-batch command for
       the batched data.

       The original batch mode in rsync was based on "rsync+", but the  latest
       version uses a new implementation.

SYMBOLIC LINKS
       Three  basic  behaviors  are  possible when rsync encounters a symbolic
       link in the source directory.

       By default, symbolic links are  not  transferred  at  all.   A  message
       "skipping non-regular" file is emitted for any symlinks that exist.

       If --links is specified, then symlinks are recreated with the same tar-
       get on the destination.  Note that --archive implies --links.

       If --copy-links is specified, then symlinks are "collapsed" by  copying
       their referent, rather than the symlink.

       Rsync  can also distinguish "safe" and "unsafe" symbolic links.  An ex-
       ample where this might be used is a web site mirror that wishes to  en-
       sure  that  the  rsync  module that is copied does not include symbolic
       links to  /etc/passwd  in  the  public  section  of  the  site.   Using
       --copy-unsafe-links  will cause any links to be copied as the file they
       point to on the destination.   Using  --safe-links  will  cause  unsafe
       links  to  be  omitted altogether.  (Note that you must specify --links
       for --safe-links to have any effect.)

       Symbolic links are considered unsafe  if  they  are  absolute  symlinks
       (start with /), empty, or if they contain enough ".." components to as-
       cend from the directory being copied.

       Here's a summary of how the symlink options are interpreted.  The  list
       is in order of precedence, so if your combination of options isn't men-
       tioned, use the first line that is a complete subset of your options:

       --copy-links
              Turn all symlinks into normal files (leaving no symlinks for any
              other options to affect).

       --links --copy-unsafe-links
              Turn  all unsafe symlinks into files and duplicate all safe sym-
              links.

       --copy-unsafe-links
              Turn all unsafe symlinks into files, noisily skip all safe  sym-
              links.

       --links --safe-links
              Duplicate safe symlinks and skip unsafe ones.

       --links
              Duplicate all symlinks.

DIAGNOSTICS
       rsync occasionally produces error messages that may seem a little cryp-
       tic. The one that seems to cause the most confusion is  "protocol  ver-
       sion mismatch -- is your shell clean?".

       This  message is usually caused by your startup scripts or remote shell
       facility producing unwanted garbage on the stream that rsync  is  using
       for  its transport. The way to diagnose this problem is to run your re-
       mote shell like this:

              ssh remotehost /bin/true > out.dat

       then look at out.dat. If everything is working correctly  then  out.dat
       should  be  a zero length file. If you are getting the above error from
       rsync then you will probably find that out.dat contains  some  text  or
       data.  Look  at  the contents and try to work out what is producing it.
       The most common cause is incorrectly configured shell  startup  scripts
       (such as .cshrc or .profile) that contain output statements for non-in-
       teractive logins.

       If you are having trouble debugging filter patterns, then try  specify-
       ing  the  -vv  option.   At this level of verbosity rsync will show why
       each individual file is included or excluded.

EXIT VALUES
       0      Success

       1      Syntax or usage error

       2      Protocol incompatibility

       3      Errors selecting input/output files, dirs

       4      Requested action not supported: an attempt was made  to  manipu-
              late  64-bit files on a platform that cannot support them; or an
              option was specified that is supported by the client and not  by
              the server.

       5      Error starting client-server protocol

       6      Daemon unable to append to log-file

       10     Error in socket I/O

       11     Error in file I/O

       12     Error in rsync protocol data stream

       13     Errors with program diagnostics

       14     Error in IPC code

       20     Received SIGUSR1 or SIGINT

       21     Some error returned by waitpid()

       22     Error allocating core memory buffers

       23     Partial transfer due to error

       24     Partial transfer due to vanished source files

       25     The --max-delete limit stopped deletions

       30     Timeout in data send/receive

       35     Timeout waiting for daemon connection

ENVIRONMENT VARIABLES
       CVSIGNORE
              The  CVSIGNORE  environment variable supplements any ignore pat-
              terns in .cvsignore files. See the --cvs-exclude option for more
              details.

       RSYNC_ICONV
              Specify  a  default --iconv setting using this environment vari-
              able. (First supported in 3.0.0.)

       RSYNC_OLD_ARGS
              Specify a "1" if you want the --old-args option to be enabled by
              default, a "2" (or more) if you want it to be enabled in the op-
              tion-repeated state, or a "0" to make sure that it  is  disabled
              by  default. When this environment variable is set to a non-zero
              value, it supersedes the RSYNC_PROTECT_ARGS variable.

              This variable is ignored if --old-args, --no-old-args, or --pro-
              tect-args is specified on the command line.

       RSYNC_PROTECT_ARGS
              Specify  a non-zero numeric value if you want the --protect-args
              option to be enabled by default, or a zero value  to  make  sure
              that it is disabled by default. (First supported in 3.1.0.)

              This  variable  is ignored if --protect-args, --no-protect-args,
              or --old-args is specified on the command line.

              This variable is ignored if RSYNC_OLD_ARGS is set to a  non-zero
              value.

       RSYNC_RSH
              The  RSYNC_RSH  environment  variable allows you to override the
              default shell used as the transport for rsync.  Command line op-
              tions  are  permitted  after the command name, just as in the -e
              option.

       RSYNC_PROXY
              The RSYNC_PROXY environment variable allows you to redirect your
              rsync  client to use a web proxy when connecting to a rsync dae-
              mon. You should set RSYNC_PROXY to a hostname:port pair.

       RSYNC_PASSWORD
              Setting RSYNC_PASSWORD to the required password  allows  you  to
              run  authenticated  rsync connections to an rsync daemon without
              user intervention. Note that this does not supply a password  to
              a  remote  shell transport such as ssh; to learn how to do that,
              consult the remote shell's documentation.

       USER or LOGNAME
              The USER or LOGNAME environment variables are used to  determine
              the  default  username  sent  to an rsync daemon.  If neither is
              set, the username defaults to "nobody".

       HOME   The HOME environment variable is used to find the user's default
              .cvsignore file.

FILES
       /etc/rsyncd.conf or rsyncd.conf

SEE ALSO
       rsyncd.conf(5)

BUGS
       times are transferred as *nix time_t values

       When  transferring  to  FAT  filesystems  rsync  may re-sync unmodified
       files.  See the comments on the --modify-window option.

       file permissions, devices, etc. are  transferred  as  native  numerical
       values

       see also the comments on the --delete option

       Please report bugs! See the web site at http://rsync.samba.org/

VERSION
       This man page is current for version 3.1.3 of rsync.

INTERNAL OPTIONS
       The  options  --server  and  --sender are used internally by rsync, and
       should never be typed by  a  user  under  normal  circumstances.   Some
       awareness  of these options may be needed in certain scenarios, such as
       when setting up a login that can only run an rsync  command.   For  in-
       stance,  the support directory of the rsync distribution has an example
       script named rrsync (for restricted rsync) that can be used with a  re-
       stricted ssh login.

CREDITS
       rsync  is  distributed  under  the GNU General Public License.  See the
       file COPYING for details.

       A WEB site is available at http://rsync.samba.org/.  The site  includes
       an  FAQ-O-Matic  which  may  cover  questions unanswered by this manual
       page.

       The primary ftp site for rsync is ftp://rsync.samba.org/pub/rsync.

       We would be delighted to hear  from  you  if  you  like  this  program.
       Please contact the mailing-list at rsync@lists.samba.org.

       This  program  uses  the  excellent zlib compression library written by
       Jean-loup Gailly and Mark Adler.

THANKS
       Special thanks go out to: John Van Essen,  Matt  McCutchen,  Wesley  W.
       Terpstra,  David  Dykstra,  Jos Backus, Sebastian Krahmer, Martin Pool,
       and our gone-but-not-forgotten compadre, J.W. Schultz.

       Thanks also to Richard Brent, Brendan Mackay, Bill Waite, Stephen Roth-
       well and David Bell.  I've probably missed some people, my apologies if
       I have.

AUTHOR
       rsync was originally written by Andrew  Tridgell  and  Paul  Mackerras.
       Many  people  have later contributed to it.  It is currently maintained
       by Wayne Davison.

       Mailing  lists  for  support   and   development   are   available   at
       http://lists.samba.org

                                  28 Jan 2018                         rsync(1)
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