mount_namespaces

MOUNT_NAMESPACES(7)        Linux Programmer's Manual       MOUNT_NAMESPACES(7)

NAME
       mount_namespaces - overview of Linux mount namespaces

DESCRIPTION
       For an overview of namespaces, see namespaces(7).

       Mount  namespaces provide isolation of the list of mount points seen by
       the processes in each namespace instance.  Thus, the processes in  each
       of the mount namespace instances will see distinct single-directory hi-
       erarchies.

       The views provided by  the  /proc/[pid]/mounts,  /proc/[pid]/mountinfo,
       and  /proc/[pid]/mountstats files (all described in proc(5)) correspond
       to the mount namespace in which the process with the PID [pid] resides.
       (All  of the processes that reside in the same mount namespace will see
       the same view in these files.)

       A new mount namespace is created using either  clone(2)  or  unshare(2)
       with  the CLONE_NEWNS flag.  When a new mount namespace is created, its
       mount point list is initialized as follows:

       *  If the namespace is created using clone(2), the mount point list  of
          the  child's namespace is a copy of the mount point list in the par-
          ent's namespace.

       *  If the namespace is created using unshare(2), the mount  point  list
          of  the  new  namespace  is  a  copy  of the mount point list in the
          caller's previous mount namespace.

       Subsequent  modifications  to  the  mount  point  list  (mount(2)   and
       umount(2))  in  either mount namespace will not (by default) affect the
       mount point list seen in the other namespace  (but  see  the  following
       discussion of shared subtrees).

   Restrictions on mount namespaces
       Note the following points with respect to mount namespaces:

       *  Each  mount  namespace  has  an  owner user namespace.  As explained
          above, when a new mount namespace is created, its mount  point  list
          is  initialized  as  a copy of the mount point list of another mount
          namespace.  If the new namespace and the namespace  from  which  the
          mount  point list was copied are owned by different user namespaces,
          then the new mount namespace is considered less privileged.

       *  When creating a less privileged mount namespace, shared  mounts  are
          reduced to slave mounts.  (Shared and slave mounts are discussed be-
          low.)  This ensures that mappings performed in less privileged mount
          namespaces will not propagate to more privileged mount namespaces.

       *  Mounts  that  come  as  a single unit from more privileged mount are
          locked together and may not be separated in a less privileged  mount
          namespace.   (The unshare(2) CLONE_NEWNS operation brings across all
          of the mounts from the original mount namespace as  a  single  unit,
          and  recursive mounts that propagate between mount namespaces propa-
          gate as a single unit.)

       *  The mount(2) flags MS_RDONLY, MS_NOSUID, MS_NOEXEC, and the  "atime"
          flags   (MS_NOATIME,  MS_NODIRATIME,  MS_RELATIME)  settings  become
          locked when propagated from a more privileged to a  less  privileged
          mount namespace, and may not be changed in the less privileged mount
          namespace.

       *  A file or directory that is a mount point in one namespace  that  is
          not a mount point in another namespace, may be renamed, unlinked, or
          removed (rmdir(2)) in the mount namespace in which it is not a mount
          point  (subject  to the usual permission checks).  Consequently, the
          mount point is removed in the mount namespace where it was  a  mount
          point.

          Previously (before Linux 3.18), attempting to unlink, rename, or re-
          move a file or directory that was a mount  point  in  another  mount
          namespace  would result in the error EBUSY.  That behavior had tech-
          nical problems of enforcement (e.g., for NFS) and permitted  denial-
          of-service attacks against more privileged users.  (i.e., preventing
          individual files from being updated  by  bind  mounting  on  top  of
          them).

SHARED SUBTREES
       After  the implementation of mount namespaces was completed, experience
       showed that the isolation that they provided was, in  some  cases,  too
       great.   For  example,  in  order  to  make a newly loaded optical disk
       available in all mount namespaces, a mount operation  was  required  in
       each namespace.  For this use case, and others, the shared subtree fea-
       ture was introduced in Linux 2.6.15.  This  feature  allows  for  auto-
       matic, controlled propagation of mount and unmount events between name-
       spaces (or, more precisely, between the members of a  peer  group  that
       are propagating events to one another).

       Each  mount point is marked (via mount(2)) as having one of the follow-
       ing propagation types:

       MS_SHARED
              This mount point shares events with members  of  a  peer  group.
              Mount and unmount events immediately under this mount point will
              propagate to the other mount points that are members of the peer
              group.   Propagation  here  means that the same mount or unmount
              will automatically occur under all of the other mount points  in
              the  peer group.  Conversely, mount and unmount events that take
              place under peer mount  points  will  propagate  to  this  mount
              point.

       MS_PRIVATE
              This  mount  point  is  private;  it does not have a peer group.
              Mount and unmount events do not propagate into or  out  of  this
              mount point.

       MS_SLAVE
              Mount  and unmount events propagate into this mount point from a
              (master) shared peer group.  Mount and unmount events under this
              mount point do not propagate to any peer.

              Note  that  a mount point can be the slave of another peer group
              while at the same time sharing mount and unmount events  with  a
              peer  group  of which it is a member.  (More precisely, one peer
              group can be the slave of another peer group.)

       MS_UNBINDABLE
              This is like a private mount, and in addition this  mount  can't
              be  bind  mounted.   Attempts to bind mount this mount (mount(2)
              with the MS_BIND flag) will fail.

              When a recursive bind  mount  (mount(2)  with  the  MS_BIND  and
              MS_REC  flags)  is  performed  on  a directory subtree, any bind
              mounts within the subtree are automatically  pruned  (i.e.,  not
              replicated)  when replicating that subtree to produce the target
              subtree.

       For a discussion of the propagation type assigned to a new  mount,  see
       NOTES.

       The  propagation  type  is a per-mount-point setting; some mount points
       may be marked as shared (with each shared mount point being a member of
       a  distinct peer group), while others are private (or slaved or unbind-
       able).

       Note that a mount's propagation type determines whether mounts and  un-
       mounts  of  mount  points  immediately under the mount point are propa-
       gated.  Thus, the propagation  type  does  not  affect  propagation  of
       events  for  grandchildren and further removed descendant mount points.
       What happens if the mount point itself is unmounted  is  determined  by
       the  propagation  type  that  is  in effect for the parent of the mount
       point.

       Members are added to a peer group when  a  mount  point  is  marked  as
       shared and either:

       *  the  mount  point  is  replicated during the creation of a new mount
          namespace; or

       *  a new bind mount is created from the mount point.

       In both of these cases, the new mount point joins  the  peer  group  of
       which the existing mount point is a member.

       A  new  peer  group is also created when a child mount point is created
       under an existing mount point that is marked as shared.  In this  case,
       the  new  child  mount point is also marked as shared and the resulting
       peer group consists of all the mount points that are  replicated  under
       the peers of parent mount.

       A  mount ceases to be a member of a peer group when either the mount is
       explicitly unmounted, or when the mount is implicitly unmounted because
       a mount namespace is removed (because it has no more member processes).

       The  propagation  type  of the mount points in a mount namespace can be
       discovered via the "optional fields" exposed in  /proc/[pid]/mountinfo.
       (See  proc(5) for details of this file.)  The following tags can appear
       in the optional fields for a record in that file:

       shared:X
              This mount point is shared in peer group X.  Each peer group has
              a  unique  ID that is automatically generated by the kernel, and
              all mount points in the same peer group will show the  same  ID.
              (These  IDs  are  assigned starting from the value 1, and may be
              recycled when a peer group ceases to have any members.)

       master:X
              This mount is a slave to shared peer group X.

       propagate_from:X (since Linux 2.6.26)
              This mount is a slave and receives propagation from shared  peer
              group X.  This tag will always appear in conjunction with a mas-
              ter:X tag.  Here, X is the closest dominant peer group under the
              process's  root  directory.  If X is the immediate master of the
              mount, or if there is no dominant  peer  group  under  the  same
              root, then only the master:X field is present and not the propa-
              gate_from:X field.  For further details, see below.

       unbindable
              This is an unbindable mount.

       If none of the above tags is present, then this is a private mount.

   MS_SHARED and MS_PRIVATE example
       Suppose that on a terminal in the initial mount namespace, we mark  one
       mount  point as shared and another as private, and then view the mounts
       in /proc/self/mountinfo:

           sh1# mount --make-shared /mntS
           sh1# mount --make-private /mntP
           sh1# cat /proc/self/mountinfo | grep '/mnt' | sed 's/ - .*//'
           77 61 8:17 / /mntS rw,relatime shared:1
           83 61 8:15 / /mntP rw,relatime

       From the /proc/self/mountinfo output, we see that  /mntS  is  a  shared
       mount  in peer group 1, and that /mntP has no optional tags, indicating
       that it is a private mount.  The first two fields  in  each  record  in
       this  file  are  the  unique ID for this mount, and the mount ID of the
       parent mount.  We can further inspect this file to see that the  parent
       mount  point  of  /mntS  and  /mntP  is the root directory, /, which is
       mounted as private:

           sh1# cat /proc/self/mountinfo | awk '$1 == 61' | sed 's/ - .*//'
           61 0 8:2 / / rw,relatime

       On a second terminal, we create a new mount namespace where  we  run  a
       second shell and inspect the mounts:

           $ PS1='sh2# ' sudo unshare -m --propagation unchanged sh
           sh2# cat /proc/self/mountinfo | grep '/mnt' | sed 's/ - .*//'
           222 145 8:17 / /mntS rw,relatime shared:1
           225 145 8:15 / /mntP rw,relatime

       The  new  mount  namespace  received  a copy of the initial mount name-
       space's mount points.  These new mount points maintain the same  propa-
       gation  types, but have unique mount IDs.  (The --propagation unchanged
       option prevents unshare(1) from marking all mounts as private when cre-
       ating a new mount namespace, which it does by default.)

       In  the  second  terminal, we then create submounts under each of /mntS
       and /mntP and inspect the set-up:

           sh2# mkdir /mntS/a
           sh2# mount /dev/sdb6 /mntS/a
           sh2# mkdir /mntP/b
           sh2# mount /dev/sdb7 /mntP/b
           sh2# cat /proc/self/mountinfo | grep '/mnt' | sed 's/ - .*//'
           222 145 8:17 / /mntS rw,relatime shared:1
           225 145 8:15 / /mntP rw,relatime
           178 222 8:22 / /mntS/a rw,relatime shared:2
           230 225 8:23 / /mntP/b rw,relatime

       From the above, it can be seen that /mntS/a was created as shared  (in-
       heriting this setting from its parent mount) and /mntP/b was created as
       a private mount.

       Returning to the first terminal and inspecting the set-up, we see  that
       the  new mount created under the shared mount point /mntS propagated to
       its peer mount (in the initial mount namespace), but the new mount cre-
       ated under the private mount point /mntP did not propagate:

           sh1# cat /proc/self/mountinfo | grep '/mnt' | sed 's/ - .*//'
           77 61 8:17 / /mntS rw,relatime shared:1
           83 61 8:15 / /mntP rw,relatime
           179 77 8:22 / /mntS/a rw,relatime shared:2

   MS_SLAVE example
       Making  a mount point a slave allows it to receive propagated mount and
       unmount events from a master shared peer  group,  while  preventing  it
       from  propagating  events to that master.  This is useful if we want to
       (say) receive a mount event when an optical disk is mounted in the mas-
       ter shared peer group (in another mount namespace), but want to prevent
       mount and unmount events under the slave mount from having side effects
       in other namespaces.

       We  can  demonstrate  the  effect of slaving by first marking two mount
       points as shared in the initial mount namespace:

           sh1# mount --make-shared /mntX
           sh1# mount --make-shared /mntY
           sh1# cat /proc/self/mountinfo | grep '/mnt' | sed 's/ - .*//'
           132 83 8:23 / /mntX rw,relatime shared:1
           133 83 8:22 / /mntY rw,relatime shared:2

       On a second terminal, we create a new mount namespace and  inspect  the
       mount points:

           sh2# unshare -m --propagation unchanged sh
           sh2# cat /proc/self/mountinfo | grep '/mnt' | sed 's/ - .*//'
           168 167 8:23 / /mntX rw,relatime shared:1
           169 167 8:22 / /mntY rw,relatime shared:2

       In  the  new mount namespace, we then mark one of the mount points as a
       slave:

           sh2# mount --make-slave /mntY
           sh2# cat /proc/self/mountinfo | grep '/mnt' | sed 's/ - .*//'
           168 167 8:23 / /mntX rw,relatime shared:1
           169 167 8:22 / /mntY rw,relatime master:2

       From the above output, we see that /mntY is now a slave mount  that  is
       receiving propagation events from the shared peer group with the ID 2.

       Continuing  in  the  new  namespace,  we create submounts under each of
       /mntX and /mntY:

           sh2# mkdir /mntX/a
           sh2# mount /dev/sda3 /mntX/a
           sh2# mkdir /mntY/b
           sh2# mount /dev/sda5 /mntY/b

       When we inspect the state of the mount points in the  new  mount  name-
       space,  we see that /mntX/a was created as a new shared mount (inherit-
       ing the "shared" setting from its parent mount) and /mntY/b was created
       as a private mount:

           sh2# cat /proc/self/mountinfo | grep '/mnt' | sed 's/ - .*//'
           168 167 8:23 / /mntX rw,relatime shared:1
           169 167 8:22 / /mntY rw,relatime master:2
           173 168 8:3 / /mntX/a rw,relatime shared:3
           175 169 8:5 / /mntY/b rw,relatime

       Returning  to  the  first terminal (in the initial mount namespace), we
       see that the mount /mntX/a propagated to the peer (the  shared  /mntX),
       but the mount /mntY/b was not propagated:

           sh1# cat /proc/self/mountinfo | grep '/mnt' | sed 's/ - .*//'
           132 83 8:23 / /mntX rw,relatime shared:1
           133 83 8:22 / /mntY rw,relatime shared:2
           174 132 8:3 / /mntX/a rw,relatime shared:3

       Now we create a new mount point under /mntY in the first shell:

           sh1# mkdir /mntY/c
           sh1# mount /dev/sda1 /mntY/c
           sh1# cat /proc/self/mountinfo | grep '/mnt' | sed 's/ - .*//'
           132 83 8:23 / /mntX rw,relatime shared:1
           133 83 8:22 / /mntY rw,relatime shared:2
           174 132 8:3 / /mntX/a rw,relatime shared:3
           178 133 8:1 / /mntY/c rw,relatime shared:4

       When  we examine the mount points in the second mount namespace, we see
       that in this case the new mount has been propagated to the slave  mount
       point,  and  that  the new mount is itself a slave mount (to peer group
       4):

           sh2# cat /proc/self/mountinfo | grep '/mnt' | sed 's/ - .*//'
           168 167 8:23 / /mntX rw,relatime shared:1
           169 167 8:22 / /mntY rw,relatime master:2
           173 168 8:3 / /mntX/a rw,relatime shared:3
           175 169 8:5 / /mntY/b rw,relatime
           179 169 8:1 / /mntY/c rw,relatime master:4

   MS_UNBINDABLE example
       One of the primary purposes of unbindable mounts is to avoid the "mount
       point  explosion"  problem  when repeatedly performing bind mounts of a
       higher-level subtree at a lower-level mount point.  The problem is  il-
       lustrated by the following shell session.

       Suppose we have a system with the following mount points:

           # mount | awk '{print $1, $2, $3}'
           /dev/sda1 on /
           /dev/sdb6 on /mntX
           /dev/sdb7 on /mntY

       Suppose furthermore that we wish to recursively bind mount the root di-
       rectory under several users' home directories.   We  do  this  for  the
       first user, and inspect the mount points:

           # mount --rbind / /home/cecilia/
           # mount | awk '{print $1, $2, $3}'
           /dev/sda1 on /
           /dev/sdb6 on /mntX
           /dev/sdb7 on /mntY
           /dev/sda1 on /home/cecilia
           /dev/sdb6 on /home/cecilia/mntX
           /dev/sdb7 on /home/cecilia/mntY

       When  we repeat this operation for the second user, we start to see the
       explosion problem:

           # mount --rbind / /home/henry
           # mount | awk '{print $1, $2, $3}'
           /dev/sda1 on /
           /dev/sdb6 on /mntX
           /dev/sdb7 on /mntY
           /dev/sda1 on /home/cecilia
           /dev/sdb6 on /home/cecilia/mntX
           /dev/sdb7 on /home/cecilia/mntY
           /dev/sda1 on /home/henry
           /dev/sdb6 on /home/henry/mntX
           /dev/sdb7 on /home/henry/mntY
           /dev/sda1 on /home/henry/home/cecilia
           /dev/sdb6 on /home/henry/home/cecilia/mntX
           /dev/sdb7 on /home/henry/home/cecilia/mntY

       Under /home/henry, we have not only recursively  added  the  /mntX  and
       /mntY  mounts, but also the recursive mounts of those directories under
       /home/cecilia that were created in the previous step.   Upon  repeating
       the step for a third user, it becomes obvious that the explosion is ex-
       ponential in nature:

           # mount --rbind / /home/otto
           # mount | awk '{print $1, $2, $3}'
           /dev/sda1 on /
           /dev/sdb6 on /mntX
           /dev/sdb7 on /mntY
           /dev/sda1 on /home/cecilia
           /dev/sdb6 on /home/cecilia/mntX
           /dev/sdb7 on /home/cecilia/mntY
           /dev/sda1 on /home/henry
           /dev/sdb6 on /home/henry/mntX
           /dev/sdb7 on /home/henry/mntY
           /dev/sda1 on /home/henry/home/cecilia
           /dev/sdb6 on /home/henry/home/cecilia/mntX
           /dev/sdb7 on /home/henry/home/cecilia/mntY
           /dev/sda1 on /home/otto
           /dev/sdb6 on /home/otto/mntX
           /dev/sdb7 on /home/otto/mntY
           /dev/sda1 on /home/otto/home/cecilia
           /dev/sdb6 on /home/otto/home/cecilia/mntX
           /dev/sdb7 on /home/otto/home/cecilia/mntY
           /dev/sda1 on /home/otto/home/henry
           /dev/sdb6 on /home/otto/home/henry/mntX
           /dev/sdb7 on /home/otto/home/henry/mntY
           /dev/sda1 on /home/otto/home/henry/home/cecilia
           /dev/sdb6 on /home/otto/home/henry/home/cecilia/mntX
           /dev/sdb7 on /home/otto/home/henry/home/cecilia/mntY

       The mount explosion problem in the above scenario  can  be  avoided  by
       making  each of the new mounts unbindable.  The effect of doing this is
       that recursive mounts of the root directory will not replicate the  un-
       bindable mounts.  We make such a mount for the first user:

           # mount --rbind --make-unbindable / /home/cecilia

       Before going further, we show that unbindable mounts are indeed unbind-
       able:

           # mkdir /mntZ
           # mount --bind /home/cecilia /mntZ
           mount: wrong fs type, bad option, bad superblock on /home/cecilia,
                  missing codepage or helper program, or other error

                  In some cases useful info is found in syslog - try
                  dmesg | tail or so.

       Now we create unbindable recursive bind mounts for the other two users:

           # mount --rbind --make-unbindable / /home/henry
           # mount --rbind --make-unbindable / /home/otto

       Upon examining the list of mount points, we see there has been  no  ex-
       plosion  of mount points, because the unbindable mounts were not repli-
       cated under each user's directory:

           # mount | awk '{print $1, $2, $3}'
           /dev/sda1 on /
           /dev/sdb6 on /mntX
           /dev/sdb7 on /mntY
           /dev/sda1 on /home/cecilia
           /dev/sdb6 on /home/cecilia/mntX
           /dev/sdb7 on /home/cecilia/mntY
           /dev/sda1 on /home/henry
           /dev/sdb6 on /home/henry/mntX
           /dev/sdb7 on /home/henry/mntY
           /dev/sda1 on /home/otto
           /dev/sdb6 on /home/otto/mntX
           /dev/sdb7 on /home/otto/mntY

   Propagation type transitions
       The following table shows the effect that applying  a  new  propagation
       type  (i.e., mount --make-xxxx) has on the existing propagation type of
       a mount point.  The rows correspond to existing propagation types,  and
       the  columns  are  the new propagation settings.  For reasons of space,
       "private" is abbreviated as "priv" and "unbindable" as "unbind".

                     make-shared   make-slave      make-priv  make-unbind
       shared        shared        slave/priv [1]  priv       unbind
       slave         slave+shared  slave [2]       priv       unbind
       slave+shared  slave+shared  slave           priv       unbind
       private       shared        priv [2]        priv       unbind
       unbindable    shared        unbind [2]      priv       unbind

       Note the following details to the table:

       [1] If a shared mount is the only mount in its peer group, making it  a
           slave automatically makes it private.

       [2] Slaving a nonshared mount has no effect on the mount.

   Bind (MS_BIND) semantics
       Suppose that the following command is performed:

           mount --bind A/a B/b

       Here,  A is the source mount point, B is the destination mount point, a
       is a subdirectory path under the mount point A, and b is a subdirectory
       path  under  the  mount point B.  The propagation type of the resulting
       mount, B/b, depends on the propagation types of the mount points A  and
       B, and is summarized in the following table.

                                    source(A)
                            shared  private    slave         unbind
       ---------------------------------------------------------------
       dest(B)  shared    | shared  shared     slave+shared  invalid
                nonshared | shared  private    slave         invalid

       Note  that  a recursive bind of a subtree follows the same semantics as
       for a bind operation on each mount in the subtree.  (Unbindable  mounts
       are automatically pruned at the target mount point.)

       For further details, see Documentation/filesystems/sharedsubtree.txt in
       the kernel source tree.

   Move (MS_MOVE) semantics
       Suppose that the following command is performed:

           mount --move A B/b

       Here, A is the source mount point, B is the  destination  mount  point,
       and  b is a subdirectory path under the mount point B.  The propagation
       type of the resulting mount, B/b, depends on the propagation  types  of
       the mount points A and B, and is summarized in the following table.

                                    source(A)
                            shared  private    slave         unbind
       ------------------------------------------------------------------
       dest(B)  shared    | shared  shared     slave+shared  invalid
                nonshared | shared  private    slave         unbindable

       Note: moving a mount that resides under a shared mount is invalid.

       For further details, see Documentation/filesystems/sharedsubtree.txt in
       the kernel source tree.

   Mount semantics
       Suppose that we use the following command to create a mount point:

           mount device B/b

       Here, B is the destination mount point, and b is  a  subdirectory  path
       under  the mount point B.  The propagation type of the resulting mount,
       B/b, follows the same rules as for a bind mount, where the  propagation
       type of the source mount is considered always to be private.

   Unmount semantics
       Suppose that we use the following command to tear down a mount point:

           unmount A

       Here, A is a mount point on B/b, where B is the parent mount and b is a
       subdirectory path under the mount point B.  If B is  shared,  then  all
       most-recently-mounted  mounts  at  b on mounts that receive propagation
       from mount B and do not have submounts under them are unmounted.

   The /proc/[pid]/mountinfo propagate_from tag
       The  propagate_from:X  tag  is  shown  in  the  optional  fields  of  a
       /proc/[pid]/mountinfo  record  in  cases  where  a  process can't see a
       slave's immediate master (i.e., the  pathname  of  the  master  is  not
       reachable  from  the filesystem root directory) and so cannot determine
       the chain of propagation between the mounts it can see.

       In the following example, we first create a two-link master-slave chain
       between  the  mounts  /mnt,  /tmp/etc,  and /mnt/tmp/etc.  Then the ch-
       root(1) command is used to make the /tmp/etc  mount  point  unreachable
       from  the  root  directory,  creating  a  situation where the master of
       /mnt/tmp/etc is not reachable from the  (new)  root  directory  of  the
       process.

       First,  we  bind mount the root directory onto /mnt and then bind mount
       /proc at /mnt/proc so  that  after  the  later  chroot(1)  the  proc(5)
       filesystem remains visible at the correct location in the chroot-ed en-
       vironment.

           # mkdir -p /mnt/proc
           # mount --bind / /mnt
           # mount --bind /proc /mnt/proc

       Next, we ensure that the /mnt mount is a shared mount  in  a  new  peer
       group (with no peers):

           # mount --make-private /mnt  # Isolate from any previous peer group
           # mount --make-shared /mnt
           # cat /proc/self/mountinfo | grep '/mnt' | sed 's/ - .*//'
           239 61 8:2 / /mnt ... shared:102
           248 239 0:4 / /mnt/proc ... shared:5

       Next, we bind mount /mnt/etc onto /tmp/etc:

           # mkdir -p /tmp/etc
           # mount --bind /mnt/etc /tmp/etc
           # cat /proc/self/mountinfo | egrep '/mnt|/tmp/' | sed 's/ - .*//'
           239 61 8:2 / /mnt ... shared:102
           248 239 0:4 / /mnt/proc ... shared:5
           267 40 8:2 /etc /tmp/etc ... shared:102

       Initially,  these  two  mount points are in the same peer group, but we
       then make the /tmp/etc a slave of  /mnt/etc,  and  then  make  /tmp/etc
       shared  as  well,  so that it can propagate events to the next slave in
       the chain:

           # mount --make-slave /tmp/etc
           # mount --make-shared /tmp/etc
           # cat /proc/self/mountinfo | egrep '/mnt|/tmp/' | sed 's/ - .*//'
           239 61 8:2 / /mnt ... shared:102
           248 239 0:4 / /mnt/proc ... shared:5
           267 40 8:2 /etc /tmp/etc ... shared:105 master:102

       Then we bind mount /tmp/etc onto /mnt/tmp/etc.  Again,  the  two  mount
       points  are  initially  in  the  same  peer  group,  but  we  then make
       /mnt/tmp/etc a slave of /tmp/etc:

           # mkdir -p /mnt/tmp/etc
           # mount --bind /tmp/etc /mnt/tmp/etc
           # mount --make-slave /mnt/tmp/etc
           # cat /proc/self/mountinfo | egrep '/mnt|/tmp/' | sed 's/ - .*//'
           239 61 8:2 / /mnt ... shared:102
           248 239 0:4 / /mnt/proc ... shared:5
           267 40 8:2 /etc /tmp/etc ... shared:105 master:102
           273 239 8:2 /etc /mnt/tmp/etc ... master:105

       From the above, we see that /mnt is the master of the  slave  /tmp/etc,
       which in turn is the master of the slave /mnt/tmp/etc.

       We  then  chroot(1) to the /mnt directory, which renders the mount with
       ID 267 unreachable from the (new) root directory:

           # chroot /mnt

       When we examine the state of the mounts inside the  chroot-ed  environ-
       ment, we see the following:

           # cat /proc/self/mountinfo | sed 's/ - .*//'
           239 61 8:2 / / ... shared:102
           248 239 0:4 / /proc ... shared:5
           273 239 8:2 /etc /tmp/etc ... master:105 propagate_from:102

       Above, we see that the mount with ID 273 is a slave whose master is the
       peer group 105.  The mount point for that master is unreachable, and so
       a propagate_from tag is displayed, indicating that the closest dominant
       peer group (i.e., the nearest reachable mount in the  slave  chain)  is
       the  peer  group with the ID 102 (corresponding to the /mnt mount point
       before the chroot(1) was performed.

VERSIONS
       Mount namespaces first appeared in Linux 2.4.19.

CONFORMING TO
       Namespaces are a Linux-specific feature.

NOTES
       The propagation type assigned to a new mount point depends on the prop-
       agation  type  of  the  parent  mount.  If the mount point has a parent
       (i.e., it is a non-root mount point) and the propagation  type  of  the
       parent is MS_SHARED, then the propagation type of the new mount is also
       MS_SHARED.  Otherwise, the propagation type of the new mount is MS_PRI-
       VATE.

       Notwithstanding  the  fact  that  the  default propagation type for new
       mount points is in many cases MS_PRIVATE, MS_SHARED is  typically  more
       useful.   For  this reason, systemd(1) automatically remounts all mount
       points as MS_SHARED on system startup.  Thus, on most  modern  systems,
       the default propagation type is in practice MS_SHARED.

       Since,  when  one uses unshare(1) to create a mount namespace, the goal
       is commonly to provide full isolation of the mount points  in  the  new
       namespace,  unshare(1) (since util-linux version 2.27) in turn reverses
       the step performed by systemd(1), by making all mount points private in
       the  new namespace.  That is, unshare(1) performs the equivalent of the
       following in the new mount namespace:

           mount --make-rprivate /

       To prevent this, one can use the --propagation unchanged option to  un-
       share(1).

       An  application  that  creates  a  new  mount  namespace directly using
       clone(2) or unshare(2) may  desire  to  prevent  propagation  of  mount
       events  to other mount namespaces (as is done by unshare(1)).  This can
       be done by changing the propagation type of mount  points  in  the  new
       namespace  to  either MS_SLAVE or MS_PRIVATE.  using a call such as the
       following:

                  mount(NULL, "/", MS_SLAVE | MS_REC, NULL);

       For a discussion of propagation types when moving mounts (MS_MOVE)  and
       creating  bind  mounts (MS_BIND), see Documentation/filesystems/shared-
       subtree.txt.

EXAMPLE
       See pivot_root(2).

SEE ALSO
       unshare(1), clone(2), mount(2), pivot_root(2), setns(2), umount(2), un-
       share(2),   proc(5),   namespaces(7),  user_namespaces(7),  findmnt(8),
       pivot_root(8)

       Documentation/filesystems/sharedsubtree.txt in the kernel source tree.

COLOPHON
       This page is part of release 5.05 of the Linux  man-pages  project.   A
       description  of  the project, information about reporting bugs, and the
       latest    version    of    this    page,    can     be     found     at
       https://www.kernel.org/doc/man-pages/.

Linux                             2019-08-02               MOUNT_NAMESPACES(7)
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