perlnewmod

PERLNEWMOD(1)          Perl Programmers Reference Guide          PERLNEWMOD(1)

NAME
       perlnewmod - preparing a new module for distribution

DESCRIPTION
       This document gives you some suggestions about how to go about writing
       Perl modules, preparing them for distribution, and making them
       available via CPAN.

       One of the things that makes Perl really powerful is the fact that Perl
       hackers tend to want to share the solutions to problems they've faced,
       so you and I don't have to battle with the same problem again.

       The main way they do this is by abstracting the solution into a Perl
       module. If you don't know what one of these is, the rest of this
       document isn't going to be much use to you. You're also missing out on
       an awful lot of useful code; consider having a look at perlmod,
       perlmodlib and perlmodinstall before coming back here.

       When you've found that there isn't a module available for what you're
       trying to do, and you've had to write the code yourself, consider
       packaging up the solution into a module and uploading it to CPAN so
       that others can benefit.

       You should also take a look at perlmodstyle for best practices in
       making a module.

   Warning
       We're going to primarily concentrate on Perl-only modules here, rather
       than XS modules. XS modules serve a rather different purpose, and you
       should consider different things before distributing them - the
       popularity of the library you are gluing, the portability to other
       operating systems, and so on. However, the notes on preparing the Perl
       side of the module and packaging and distributing it will apply equally
       well to an XS module as a pure-Perl one.

   What should I make into a module?
       You should make a module out of any code that you think is going to be
       useful to others. Anything that's likely to fill a hole in the communal
       library and which someone else can slot directly into their program.
       Any part of your code which you can isolate and extract and plug into
       something else is a likely candidate.

       Let's take an example. Suppose you're reading in data from a local
       format into a hash-of-hashes in Perl, turning that into a tree, walking
       the tree and then piping each node to an Acme Transmogrifier Server.

       Now, quite a few people have the Acme Transmogrifier, and you've had to
       write something to talk the protocol from scratch - you'd almost
       certainly want to make that into a module. The level at which you pitch
       it is up to you: you might want protocol-level modules analogous to
       Net::SMTP which then talk to higher level modules analogous to
       Mail::Send. The choice is yours, but you do want to get a module out
       for that server protocol.

       Nobody else on the planet is going to talk your local data format, so
       we can ignore that. But what about the thing in the middle? Building
       tree structures from Perl variables and then traversing them is a nice,
       general problem, and if nobody's already written a module that does
       that, you might want to modularise that code too.

       So hopefully you've now got a few ideas about what's good to
       modularise.  Let's now see how it's done.

   Step-by-step: Preparing the ground
       Before we even start scraping out the code, there are a few things
       we'll want to do in advance.

       Look around
          Dig into a bunch of modules to see how they're written. I'd suggest
          starting with Text::Tabs, since it's in the standard library and is
          nice and simple, and then looking at something a little more complex
          like File::Copy.  For object oriented code, WWW::Mechanize or the
          "Email::*" modules provide some good examples.

          These should give you an overall feel for how modules are laid out
          and written.

       Check it's new
          There are a lot of modules on CPAN, and it's easy to miss one that's
          similar to what you're planning on contributing. Have a good plough
          through <http://metacpan.org> and make sure you're not the one
          reinventing the wheel!

       Discuss the need
          You might love it. You might feel that everyone else needs it. But
          there might not actually be any real demand for it out there. If
          you're unsure about the demand your module will have, consider
          asking the "module-authors@perl.org" mailing list (send an email to
          "module-authors-subscribe@perl.org" to subscribe; see
          <http://lists.perl.org/list/module-authors.html> for more
          information and a link to the archives).

       Choose a name
          Perl modules included on CPAN have a naming hierarchy you should try
          to fit in with. See perlmodlib for more details on how this works,
          and browse around CPAN and the modules list to get a feel of it. At
          the very least, remember this: modules should be title capitalised,
          (This::Thing) fit in with a category, and explain their purpose
          succinctly.

       Check again
          While you're doing that, make really sure you haven't missed a
          module similar to the one you're about to write.

          When you've got your name sorted out and you're sure that your
          module is wanted and not currently available, it's time to start
          coding.

   Step-by-step: Making the module
       Start with module-starter or h2xs
          The module-starter utility is distributed as part of the
          Module::Starter CPAN package.  It creates a directory with stubs of
          all the necessary files to start a new module, according to recent
          "best practice" for module development, and is invoked from the
          command line, thus:

              module-starter --module=Foo::Bar \
                 --author="Your Name" --email=yourname@cpan.org

          If you do not wish to install the Module::Starter package from CPAN,
          h2xs is an older tool, originally intended for the development of XS
          modules, which comes packaged with the Perl distribution.

          A typical invocation of h2xs for a pure Perl module is:

              h2xs -AX --skip-exporter --use-new-tests -n Foo::Bar

          The "-A" omits the Autoloader code, "-X" omits XS elements,
          "--skip-exporter" omits the Exporter code, "--use-new-tests" sets up
          a modern testing environment, and "-n" specifies the name of the
          module.

       Use strict and warnings
          A module's code has to be warning and strict-clean, since you can't
          guarantee the conditions that it'll be used under. Besides, you
          wouldn't want to distribute code that wasn't warning or strict-clean
          anyway, right?

       Use Carp
          The Carp module allows you to present your error messages from the
          caller's perspective; this gives you a way to signal a problem with
          the caller and not your module. For instance, if you say this:

              warn "No hostname given";

          the user will see something like this:

           No hostname given at
           /usr/local/lib/perl5/site_perl/5.6.0/Net/Acme.pm line 123.

          which looks like your module is doing something wrong. Instead, you
          want to put the blame on the user, and say this:

              No hostname given at bad_code, line 10.

          You do this by using Carp and replacing your "warn"s with "carp"s.
          If you need to "die", say "croak" instead. However, keep "warn" and
          "die" in place for your sanity checks - where it really is your
          module at fault.

       Use Exporter - wisely!
          Exporter gives you a standard way of exporting symbols and
          subroutines from your module into the caller's namespace. For
          instance, saying "use Net::Acme qw(&frob)" would import the "frob"
          subroutine.

          The package variable @EXPORT will determine which symbols will get
          exported when the caller simply says "use Net::Acme" - you will
          hardly ever want to put anything in there. @EXPORT_OK, on the other
          hand, specifies which symbols you're willing to export. If you do
          want to export a bunch of symbols, use the %EXPORT_TAGS and define a
          standard export set - look at Exporter for more details.

       Use plain old documentation
          The work isn't over until the paperwork is done, and you're going to
          need to put in some time writing some documentation for your module.
          "module-starter" or "h2xs" will provide a stub for you to fill in;
          if you're not sure about the format, look at perlpod for an
          introduction. Provide a good synopsis of how your module is used in
          code, a description, and then notes on the syntax and function of
          the individual subroutines or methods. Use Perl comments for
          developer notes and POD for end-user notes.

       Write tests
          You're encouraged to create self-tests for your module to ensure
          it's working as intended on the myriad platforms Perl supports; if
          you upload your module to CPAN, a host of testers will build your
          module and send you the results of the tests. Again,
          "module-starter" and "h2xs" provide a test framework which you can
          extend - you should do something more than just checking your module
          will compile.  Test::Simple and Test::More are good places to start
          when writing a test suite.

       Write the README
          If you're uploading to CPAN, the automated gremlins will extract the
          README file and place that in your CPAN directory. It'll also appear
          in the main by-module and by-category directories if you make it
          onto the modules list. It's a good idea to put here what the module
          actually does in detail.

       Write Changes
          Add any user-visible changes since the last release to your Changes
          file.

   Step-by-step: Distributing your module
       Get a CPAN user ID
          Every developer publishing modules on CPAN needs a CPAN ID.  Visit
          "<http://pause.perl.org/>", select "Request PAUSE Account", and wait
          for your request to be approved by the PAUSE administrators.

       "perl Makefile.PL; make test; make distcheck; make dist"
          Once again, "module-starter" or "h2xs" has done all the work for
          you.  They produce the standard "Makefile.PL" you see when you
          download and install modules, and this produces a Makefile with a
          "dist" target.

          Once you've ensured that your module passes its own tests - always a
          good thing to make sure - you can "make distcheck" to make sure
          everything looks OK, followed by "make dist", and the Makefile will
          hopefully produce you a nice tarball of your module, ready for
          upload.

       Upload the tarball
          The email you got when you received your CPAN ID will tell you how
          to log in to PAUSE, the Perl Authors Upload SErver. From the menus
          there, you can upload your module to CPAN.

          Alternatively you can use the cpan-upload script, part of the
          CPAN::Uploader distribution on CPAN.

       Fix bugs!
          Once you start accumulating users, they'll send you bug reports. If
          you're lucky, they'll even send you patches. Welcome to the joys of
          maintaining a software project...

AUTHOR
       Simon Cozens, "simon@cpan.org"

       Updated by Kirrily "Skud" Robert, "skud@cpan.org"

SEE ALSO
       perlmod, perlmodlib, perlmodinstall, h2xs, strict, Carp, Exporter,
       perlpod, Test::Simple, Test::More ExtUtils::MakeMaker, Module::Build,
       Module::Starter <http://www.cpan.org/>, Ken Williams' tutorial on
       building your own module at
       <http://mathforum.org/~ken/perl_modules.html>

perl v5.30.0                      2023-11-23                     PERLNEWMOD(1)