gpg2

GPG(1)                       GNU Privacy Guard 2.2                      GPG(1)

NAME
       gpg - OpenPGP encryption and signing tool

SYNOPSIS
       gpg [--homedir dir] [--options file] [options] command [args]

DESCRIPTION
       gpg  is the OpenPGP part of the GNU Privacy Guard (GnuPG). It is a tool
       to provide digital encryption and signing services  using  the  OpenPGP
       standard.  gpg  features  complete key management and all the bells and
       whistles you would expect from a full OpenPGP implementation.

       There are two main versions of GnuPG: GnuPG 1.x and GnuPG  2.x.   GnuPG
       2.x  supports modern encryption algorithms and thus should be preferred
       over GnuPG 1.x.  You only need  to  use  GnuPG  1.x  if  your  platform
       doesn't  support  GnuPG 2.x, or you need support for some features that
       GnuPG 2.x has deprecated, e.g.,  decrypting  data  created  with  PGP-2
       keys.

       If  you  are  looking for version 1 of GnuPG, you may find that version
       installed under the name gpg1.

RETURN VALUE
       The program returns 0 if everything was fine, 1 if at least a signature
       was bad, and other error codes for fatal errors.

WARNINGS
       Use  a *good* password for your user account and a *good* passphrase to
       protect your secret key. This passphrase is the  weakest  part  of  the
       whole  system. Programs to do dictionary attacks on your secret keyring
       are very easy to write and so you should protect your  "~/.gnupg/"  di-
       rectory very well.

       Keep  in mind that, if this program is used over a network (telnet), it
       is *very* easy to spy out your passphrase!

       If you are going to verify detached signatures, make sure that the pro-
       gram  knows about it; either give both filenames on the command line or
       use '-' to specify STDIN.

       For scripted or other unattended use of gpg make sure to  use  the  ma-
       chine-parseable  interface  and  not the default interface which is in-
       tended for direct use by humans.  The machine-parseable interface  pro-
       vides a stable and well documented API independent of the locale or fu-
       ture changes of gpg.  To enable this interface use the options  --with-
       colons and --status-fd.  For certain operations the option --command-fd
       may come handy too.  See this man page and the file 'DETAILS'  for  the
       specification  of the interface.  Note that the GnuPG ``info'' pages as
       well as the PDF version of the GnuPG manual features a chapter on unat-
       tended  use  of GnuPG.  As an alternative the library GPGME can be used
       as a high-level abstraction on top of that interface.

INTEROPERABILITY
       GnuPG tries to be a very flexible implementation of the  OpenPGP  stan-
       dard. In particular, GnuPG implements many of the optional parts of the
       standard, such as the SHA-512 hash, and the ZLIB and BZIP2  compression
       algorithms.  It  is important to be aware that not all OpenPGP programs
       implement these optional algorithms and that by forcing their  use  via
       the  --cipher-algo,  --digest-algo,  --cert-digest-algo, or --compress-
       algo options in GnuPG, it is  possible  to  create  a  perfectly  valid
       OpenPGP message, but one that cannot be read by the intended recipient.

       There  are dozens of variations of OpenPGP programs available, and each
       supports a slightly different subset of these optional algorithms.  For
       example,  until  recently,  no  (unhacked) version of PGP supported the
       BLOWFISH cipher algorithm. A message using BLOWFISH simply could not be
       read by a PGP user. By default, GnuPG uses the standard OpenPGP prefer-
       ences system that will always do the right thing  and  create  messages
       that  are usable by all recipients, regardless of which OpenPGP program
       they use. Only override this safe default if you really know  what  you
       are doing.

       If you absolutely must override the safe default, or if the preferences
       on a given key are invalid for some reason, you are far better off  us-
       ing  the  --pgp6,  --pgp7, or --pgp8 options. These options are safe as
       they do not force any particular algorithms in  violation  of  OpenPGP,
       but rather reduce the available algorithms to a "PGP-safe" list.

COMMANDS
       Commands  are  not  distinguished from options except for the fact that
       only one command is allowed.  Generally  speaking,  irrelevant  options
       are silently ignored, and may not be checked for correctness.

       gpg  may  be run with no commands. In this case it will print a warning
       perform a reasonable action depending on the type of file it  is  given
       as input (an encrypted message is decrypted, a signature is verified, a
       file containing keys is listed, etc.).

       If you run into any problems, please add the option  --verbose  to  the
       invocation to see more diagnostics.

   Commands not specific to the function

       --version
              Print  the program version and licensing information.  Note that
              you cannot abbreviate this command.

       --help
       -h     Print a usage message summarizing the most  useful  command-line
              options.   Note that you cannot arbitrarily abbreviate this com-
              mand (though you can use its short form -h).

       --warranty
              Print warranty information.

       --dump-options
              Print a list of all available options and commands.   Note  that
              you cannot abbreviate this command.

   Commands to select the type of operation

       --sign
       -s     Sign  a message. This command may be combined with --encrypt (to
              sign and encrypt a message), --symmetric (to sign and  symmetri-
              cally  encrypt a message), or both --encrypt and --symmetric (to
              sign and encrypt a message that can be decrypted using a  secret
              key  or  a passphrase).  The signing key is chosen by default or
              can be set explicitly using the --local-user  and  --default-key
              options.

       --clear-sign
       --clearsign
              Make  a  cleartext signature.  The content in a cleartext signa-
              ture is readable without any special software. OpenPGP  software
              is  only  needed  to verify the signature.  cleartext signatures
              may modify end-of-line whitespace for platform independence  and
              are not intended to be reversible.  The signing key is chosen by
              default or can be set  explicitly  using  the  --local-user  and
              --default-key options.

       --detach-sign
       -b     Make a detached signature.

       --encrypt
       -e     Encrypt  data  to  one  or more public keys. This command may be
              combined with --sign (to sign and encrypt a message),  --symmet-
              ric  (to  encrypt a message that can be decrypted using a secret
              key or a passphrase), or --sign and --symmetric together (for  a
              signed  message  that  can  be decrypted using a secret key or a
              passphrase).  --recipient and related options specify which pub-
              lic keys to use for encryption.

       --symmetric
       -c     Encrypt  with a symmetric cipher using a passphrase. The default
              symmetric cipher used is AES-128, but may  be  chosen  with  the
              --cipher-algo  option.  This command may be combined with --sign
              (for a signed and symmetrically  encrypted  message),  --encrypt
              (for  a  message  that  may  be  decrypted via a secret key or a
              passphrase), or --sign and --encrypt together (for a signed mes-
              sage  that  may  be decrypted via a secret key or a passphrase).
              gpg caches the passphrase used for symmetric encryption so  that
              a decrypt operation may not require that the user needs to enter
              the passphrase.  The option --no-symkey-cache  can  be  used  to
              disable this feature.

       --store
              Store only (make a simple literal data packet).

       --decrypt
       -d     Decrypt  the file given on the command line (or STDIN if no file
              is specified) and write it to STDOUT (or the file specified with
              --output).  If  the  decrypted  file is signed, the signature is
              also verified. This command differs from the default  operation,
              as it never writes to the filename which is included in the file
              and it rejects files that don't begin with an encrypted message.

       --verify
              Assume that the first argument is a signed file  and  verify  it
              without generating any output.  With no arguments, the signature
              packet is read from STDIN.  If only one argument is  given,  the
              specified file is expected to include a complete signature.

              With more than one argument, the first argument should specify a
              file with a detached signature and the  remaining  files  should
              contain the signed data. To read the signed data from STDIN, use
              '-' as the second filename.  For security  reasons,  a  detached
              signature  will  not  read the signed material from STDIN if not
              explicitly specified.

              Note: If the option --batch is not used, gpg may assume  that  a
              single argument is a file with a detached signature, and it will
              try to find a matching data file by stripping certain  suffixes.
              Using  this historical feature to verify a detached signature is
              strongly discouraged; you should always specify  the  data  file
              explicitly.

              Note:  When  verifying  a cleartext signature, gpg verifies only
              what makes up the cleartext signed data and not any  extra  data
              outside  of the cleartext signature or the header lines directly
              following the dash marker line.  The option --output may be used
              to  write  out  the actual signed data, but there are other pit-
              falls with this format as well.  It is suggested to avoid clear-
              text signatures in favor of detached signatures.

              Note:  Sometimes  the  use of the gpgv tool is easier than using
              the full-fledged gpg with this option.  gpgv is designed to com-
              pare signed data against a list of trusted keys and returns with
              success only for a good signature.  It has its own manual page.

       --multifile
              This modifies certain other commands to  accept  multiple  files
              for  processing on the command line or read from STDIN with each
              filename on a separate line. This allows for many  files  to  be
              processed  at once. --multifile may currently be used along with
              --verify, --encrypt, and --decrypt. Note that --multifile --ver-
              ify may not be used with detached signatures.

       --verify-files
              Identical to --multifile --verify.

       --encrypt-files
              Identical to --multifile --encrypt.

       --decrypt-files
              Identical to --multifile --decrypt.

       --list-keys
       -k
       --list-public-keys
              List  the  specified  keys.   If no keys are specified, then all
              keys from the configured public keyrings are listed.

              Never use the output of this command in scripts  or  other  pro-
              grams.  The output is intended only for humans and its format is
              likely to change.  The --with-colons option emits the output  in
              a stable, machine-parseable format, which is intended for use by
              scripts and other programs.

       --list-secret-keys
       -K     List the specified secret keys.  If no keys are specified,  then
              all  known  secret  keys are listed.  A # after the initial tags
              sec or ssb means that the secret key or subkey is currently  not
              usable.   We  also say that this key has been taken offline (for
              example, a primary key can be taken offline by exporting the key
              using  the  command  --export-secret-subkeys).   A > after these
              tags indicate that the key is stored on a smartcard.   See  also
              --list-keys.

       --check-signatures
       --check-sigs
              Same  as  --list-keys,  but  the key signatures are verified and
              listed too.  Note that for performance  reasons  the  revocation
              status of a signing key is not shown.  This command has the same
              effect as using --list-keys with --with-sig-check.

              The status of the verification is indicated by a  flag  directly
              following the "sig" tag (and thus before the flags described be-
              low.  A "!" indicates that the signature has  been  successfully
              verified,  a "-" denotes a bad signature and a "%" is used if an
              error occurred while checking the signature  (e.g.  a  non  sup-
              ported  algorithm).   Signatures  where  the  public  key is not
              available are not  listed;  to  see  their  keyids  the  command
              --list-sigs can be used.

              For  each  signature  listed, there are several flags in between
              the signature status flag and keyid.   These  flags  give  addi-
              tional  information  about  each  key  signature.   From left to
              right, they are the numbers 1-3 for certificate check level (see
              --ask-cert-level),  "L"  for a local or non-exportable signature
              (see --lsign-key), "R" for a  nonRevocable  signature  (see  the
              --edit-key  command "nrsign"), "P" for a signature that contains
              a policy URL (see --cert-policy-url), "N" for a  signature  that
              contains  a  notation  (see --cert-notation), "X" for an eXpired
              signature (see --ask-cert-expire), and the numbers  1-9  or  "T"
              for  10  and  above  to indicate trust signature levels (see the
              --edit-key command "tsign").

       --locate-keys
       --locate-external-keys
              Locate the keys given as arguments.  This command basically uses
              the  same algorithm as used when locating keys for encryption or
              signing and may thus be used to see what keys gpg might use.  In
              particular  external methods as defined by --auto-key-locate may
              be used to locate a key.  Only  public  keys  are  listed.   The
              variant  --locate-external-keys  does not consider a locally ex-
              isting key and can thus be used to force the refresh  of  a  key
              via the defined external methods.

       --show-keys
              This commands takes OpenPGP keys as input and prints information
              about them in the same way the command --list-keys does for  lo-
              cally  stored  key.  In addition the list options show-unusable-
              uids, show-unusable-subkeys, show-notations and show-policy-urls
              are  also enabled.  As usual for automated processing, this com-
              mand should be combined with the option --with-colons.

       --fingerprint
              List all keys (or the specified ones) along with  their  finger-
              prints.  This is the same output as --list-keys but with the ad-
              ditional output of a line with the fingerprint. May also be com-
              bined  with --check-signatures.  If this command is given twice,
              the fingerprints of all secondary keys  are  listed  too.   This
              command also forces pretty printing of fingerprints if the keyid
              format has been set to "none".

       --list-packets
              List only the sequence of packets.  This command is only  useful
              for  debugging.   When used with option --verbose the actual MPI
              values are dumped and not only their  lengths.   Note  that  the
              output of this command may change with new releases.

       --edit-card
       --card-edit
              Present  a  menu to work with a smartcard. The subcommand "help"
              provides an overview on available commands. For a  detailed  de-
              scription,  please see the Card HOWTO at https://gnupg.org/docu-
              mentation/howtos.html#GnuPG-cardHOWTO .

       --card-status
              Show the content of the smart card.

       --change-pin
              Present a menu to allow changing the PIN of  a  smartcard.  This
              functionality  is also available as the subcommand "passwd" with
              the --edit-card command.

       --delete-keys name
              Remove key from the public keyring. In batch mode  either  --yes
              is required or the key must be specified by fingerprint. This is
              a safeguard against accidental deletion of  multiple  keys.   If
              the  exclamation  mark  syntax is used with the fingerprint of a
              subkey only that subkey is deleted; if the exclamation  mark  is
              used  with  the fingerprint of the primary key the entire public
              key is deleted.

       --delete-secret-keys name
              Remove key from the secret keyring. In batch mode the  key  must
              be  specified  by  fingerprint.  The option --yes can be used to
              advice gpg-agent not to request a confirmation.  This extra pre-
              caution  is  done  because gpg can't be sure that the secret key
              (as controlled by gpg-agent) is only used for the given  OpenPGP
              public  key.   If  the  exclamation mark syntax is used with the
              fingerprint of a subkey only the secret part of that  subkey  is
              deleted; if the exclamation mark is used with the fingerprint of
              the primary key only the secret  part  of  the  primary  key  is
              deleted.

       --delete-secret-and-public-key name
              Same as --delete-key, but if a secret key exists, it will be re-
              moved first. In batch mode the key must be specified by  finger-
              print.   The option --yes can be used to advice gpg-agent not to
              request a confirmation.

       --export
              Either export all keys from all keyrings (default  keyrings  and
              those  registered via option --keyring), or if at least one name
              is given, those of the given name. The exported keys are written
              to  STDOUT  or  to the file given with option --output.  Use to-
              gether with --armor to mail those keys.

       --send-keys keyIDs
              Similar to --export but sends the keys to a keyserver.   Finger-
              prints may be used instead of key IDs.  Don't send your complete
              keyring to a keyserver --- select only those keys which are  new
              or changed by you.  If no keyIDs are given, gpg does nothing.

       --export-secret-keys
       --export-secret-subkeys
              Same  as --export, but exports the secret keys instead.  The ex-
              ported keys are written to STDOUT or to the file given with  op-
              tion --output.  This command is often used along with the option
              --armor to allow for easy printing of the key for paper  backup;
              however the external tool paperkey does a better job of creating
              backups on paper.  Note that exporting a secret key can be a se-
              curity risk if the exported keys are sent over an insecure chan-
              nel.

              The second form of the command has the special property to  ren-
              der  the  secret  part of the primary key useless; this is a GNU
              extension to OpenPGP and other implementations can  not  be  ex-
              pected  to  successfully import such a key.  Its intended use is
              in generating a full key with an additional signing subkey on  a
              dedicated  machine.   This  command then exports the key without
              the primary key to the main machine.

              GnuPG may ask you to enter the passphrase for the key.  This  is
              required,  because  the internal protection method of the secret
              key is different from the one specified by the OpenPGP protocol.

       --export-ssh-key
              This command is used to export a key in the OpenSSH  public  key
              format.   It  requires the specification of one key by the usual
              means and exports the latest valid subkey which has an authenti-
              cation  capability  to  STDOUT  or to the file given with option
              --output.  That output can directly be added  to  ssh's  'autho-
              rized_key' file.

              By  specifying the key to export using a key ID or a fingerprint
              suffixed with an exclamation mark (!), a specific subkey or  the
              primary  key  can  be exported.  This does not even require that
              the key has the authentication capability flag set.

       --import
       --fast-import
              Import/merge keys. This adds the given keys to the keyring.  The
              fast version is currently just a synonym.

              There  are  a  few  other options which control how this command
              works.  Most notable here is the --import-options merge-only op-
              tion which does not insert new keys but does only the merging of
              new signatures, user-IDs and subkeys.

       --receive-keys keyIDs
       --recv-keys keyIDs
              Import the keys with the given keyIDs from a keyserver.

       --refresh-keys
              Request updates from a keyserver for keys that already exist  on
              the  local  keyring.  This is useful for updating a key with the
              latest signatures, user IDs, etc. Calling this with no arguments
              will refresh the entire keyring.

       --search-keys names
              Search  the  keyserver for the given names. Multiple names given
              here will be joined together to create the search string for the
              keyserver.  Note that keyservers search for names in a different
              and simpler way than gpg does.  The best choice is to use a mail
              address.   Due  to  data privacy reasons keyservers may even not
              even allow searching by user id or mail  address  and  thus  may
              only  return results when being used with the --recv-key command
              to search by key fingerprint or keyid.

       --fetch-keys URIs
              Retrieve keys located at the specified URIs. Note that different
              installations  of  GnuPG  may support different protocols (HTTP,
              FTP, LDAP, etc.).  When using HTTPS  the  system  provided  root
              certificates are used by this command.

       --update-trustdb
              Do  trust  database  maintenance. This command iterates over all
              keys and builds the Web of Trust. This is an interactive command
              because it may have to ask for the "ownertrust" values for keys.
              The user has to give an estimation of how  far  she  trusts  the
              owner  of  the  displayed  key to correctly certify (sign) other
              keys. GnuPG only asks for the ownertrust value if it has not yet
              been  assigned to a key. Using the --edit-key menu, the assigned
              value can be changed at any time.

       --check-trustdb
              Do trust database maintenance  without  user  interaction.  From
              time  to time the trust database must be updated so that expired
              keys or signatures and the resulting changes in the Web of Trust
              can  be tracked. Normally, GnuPG will calculate when this is re-
              quired and do it automatically unless --no-auto-check-trustdb is
              set. This command can be used to force a trust database check at
              any time. The processing  is  identical  to  that  of  --update-
              trustdb but it skips keys with a not yet defined "ownertrust".

              For  use  with cron jobs, this command can be used together with
              --batch in which case the trust database check is done only if a
              check  is  needed. To force a run even in batch mode add the op-
              tion --yes.

       --export-ownertrust
              Send the ownertrust values to STDOUT. This is useful for  backup
              purposes  as  these  values are the only ones which can't be re-
              created from a corrupted trustdb.  Example:
                  gpg --export-ownertrust > otrust.txt

       --import-ownertrust
              Update the trustdb with the ownertrust values  stored  in  files
              (or  STDIN  if  not given); existing values will be overwritten.
              In case of a severely damaged trustdb and if you have  a  recent
              backup of the ownertrust values (e.g. in the file 'otrust.txt'),
              you may re-create the trustdb using these commands:
                  cd ~/.gnupg
                  rm trustdb.gpg
                  gpg --import-ownertrust < otrust.txt

       --rebuild-keydb-caches
              When updating from version 1.0.6 to 1.0.7 this command should be
              used  to  create  signature  caches  in the keyring. It might be
              handy in other situations too.

       --print-md algo
       --print-mds
              Print message digest of algorithm algo for all  given  files  or
              STDIN.   With the second form (or a deprecated "*" for algo) di-
              gests for all available algorithms are printed.

       --gen-random 0|1|2 count
              Emit count random bytes of the given quality level 0, 1 or 2. If
              count  is not given or zero, an endless sequence of random bytes
              will be emitted.  If used with --armor the output will be base64
              encoded.   PLEASE,  don't  use this command unless you know what
              you are doing; it may remove precious entropy from the system!

       --gen-prime mode bits
              Use the source, Luke :-). The output format is subject to change
              with ant release.

       --enarmor
       --dearmor
              Pack or unpack an arbitrary input into/from an OpenPGP ASCII ar-
              mor.  This is a GnuPG extension to OpenPGP and  in  general  not
              very useful.

       --tofu-policy {auto|good|unknown|bad|ask} keys
              Set  the  TOFU  policy  for all the bindings associated with the
              specified keys.  For more information about the meaning  of  the
              policies,  see:  [trust-model-tofu].   The keys may be specified
              either by their fingerprint (preferred) or their keyid.

   How to manage your keys

       This section explains the main commands for key management.

       --quick-generate-key user-id [algo [usage [expire]]]
       --quick-gen-key
              This is a simple command to generate a  standard  key  with  one
              user id.  In contrast to --generate-key the key is generated di-
              rectly without the need to answer a bunch  of  prompts.   Unless
              the  option --yes is given, the key creation will be canceled if
              the given user id already exists in the keyring.

              If invoked directly on the console without any  special  options
              an  answer  to  a ``Continue?'' style confirmation prompt is re-
              quired.  In case the user id already exists  in  the  keyring  a
              second prompt to force the creation of the key will show up.

              If  algo or usage are given, only the primary key is created and
              no prompts are shown.  To specify an expiration date  but  still
              create  a  primary  and  subkey  use ``default'' or ``future-de-
              fault'' for algo and ``default'' for usage.  For  a  description
              of  these  optional  arguments  see the command --quick-add-key.
              The usage accepts also the value ``cert'' which can be  used  to
              create  a  certification  only  primary key; the default is to a
              create certification and signing key.

              The expire argument can be used to specify  an  expiration  date
              for  the  key.   Several formats are supported; commonly the ISO
              formats ``YYYY-MM-DD'' or ``YYYYMMDDThhmmss'' are used.  To make
              the  key  expire  in  N seconds, N days, N weeks, N months, or N
              years use ``seconds=N'', ``Nd'', ``Nw'', ``Nm'', or  ``Ny''  re-
              spectively.  Not specifying a value, or using ``-'' results in a
              key expiring in  a  reasonable  default  interval.   The  values
              ``never'', ``none'' can be used for no expiration date.

              If  this  command is used with --batch, --pinentry-mode has been
              set  to  loopback,   and   one   of   the   passphrase   options
              (--passphrase, --passphrase-fd, or passphrase-file) is used, the
              supplied passphrase is used for the new key and the  agent  does
              not  ask  for  it.   To  create  a  key  without  any protection
              --passphrase '' may be used.

              To create an OpenPGP key from the keys  available  on  the  cur-
              rently  inserted  smartcard,  the special string ``card'' can be
              used for algo.  If the card features an encryption and a signing
              key,  gpg  will  figure them out and creates an OpenPGP key con-
              sisting of the usual primary key and  one  subkey.   This  works
              only with certain smartcards.  Note that the interactive --full-
              gen-key command allows to do the same but with greater flexibil-
              ity in the selection of the smartcard keys.

              Note  that  it  is possible to create a primary key and a subkey
              using non-default algorithms by using ``default''  and  changing
              the default parameters using the option --default-new-key-algo.

       --quick-set-expire fpr expire [*|subfprs]
              With  two  arguments  given, directly set the expiration time of
              the primary key identified by fpr to expire.  To remove the  ex-
              piration time 0 can be used.  With three arguments and the third
              given as an asterisk, the expiration time of all non-revoked and
              not  yet  expired subkeys are set to expire.  With more than two
              arguments and a list of fingerprints given for subfprs, all non-
              revoked subkeys matching these fingerprints are set to expire.

       --quick-add-key fpr [algo [usage [expire]]]
              Directly  add  a subkey to the key identified by the fingerprint
              fpr.  Without the optional arguments  an  encryption  subkey  is
              added.  If any of the arguments are given a more specific subkey
              is added.

              algo may be any of the supported algorithms or curve names given
              in the format as used by key listings.  To use the default algo-
              rithm the string ``default'' or ``-'' can  be  used.   Supported
              algorithms   are   ``rsa'',   ``dsa'',   ``elg'',   ``ed25519'',
              ``cv25519'', and other  ECC  curves.   For  example  the  string
              ``rsa''  adds  an  RSA key with the default key length; a string
              ``rsa4096'' requests that the key  length  is  4096  bits.   The
              string  ``future-default''  is  an alias for the algorithm which
              will likely be used as default algorithm in future  versions  of
              gpg.   To  list the supported ECC curves the command gpg --with-
              colons --list-config curve can be used.

              Depending on the given algo the subkey may either be an  encryp-
              tion  subkey or a signing subkey.  If an algorithm is capable of
              signing and encryption and such a subkey  is  desired,  a  usage
              string  must  be  given.   This  string is either ``default'' or
              ``-'' to keep the default or a comma delimited  list  (or  space
              delimited  list)  of  keywords:  ``sign''  for a signing subkey,
              ``auth'' for an authentication subkey, and ``encr'' for  an  en-
              cryption subkey (``encrypt'' can be used as alias for ``encr'').
              The valid combinations depend on the algorithm.

              The expire argument can be used to specify  an  expiration  date
              for  the  key.   Several formats are supported; commonly the ISO
              formats ``YYYY-MM-DD'' or ``YYYYMMDDThhmmss'' are used.  To make
              the  key  expire  in  N seconds, N days, N weeks, N months, or N
              years use ``seconds=N'', ``Nd'', ``Nw'', ``Nm'', or  ``Ny''  re-
              spectively.  Not specifying a value, or using ``-'' results in a
              key expiring in  a  reasonable  default  interval.   The  values
              ``never'', ``none'' can be used for no expiration date.

       --generate-key
       --gen-key
              Generate  a  new  key pair using the current default parameters.
              This is the standard command to create a new key.   In  addition
              to the key a revocation certificate is created and stored in the
              'openpgp-revocs.d' directory below the GnuPG home directory.

       --full-generate-key
       --full-gen-key
              Generate a new key pair with dialogs for all options.   This  is
              an extended version of --generate-key.

              There is also a feature which allows you to create keys in batch
              mode. See the manual section ``Unattended  key  generation''  on
              how to use this.

       --generate-revocation name
       --gen-revoke name
              Generate a revocation certificate for the complete key.  To only
              revoke a subkey or a key signature, use the --edit command.

              This command merely creates the revocation certificate  so  that
              it can be used to revoke the key if that is ever needed.  To ac-
              tually revoke a key the created revocation certificate needs  to
              be merged with the key to revoke.  This is done by importing the
              revocation certificate using the --import command.  Then the re-
              voked  key  needs to be published, which is best done by sending
              the key to a keyserver (command  --send-key)  and  by  exporting
              (--export)  it to a file which is then send to frequent communi-
              cation partners.

       --generate-designated-revocation name
       --desig-revoke name
              Generate a designated revocation certificate for a key. This al-
              lows  a  user  (with  the permission of the keyholder) to revoke
              someone else's key.

       --edit-key
              Present a menu which enables you to do most of the  key  manage-
              ment  related  tasks.   It expects the specification of a key on
              the command line.

              uid n  Toggle selection of user ID or photographic user ID  with
                     index n.  Use * to select all and 0 to deselect all.

              key n  Toggle selection of subkey with index n or key ID n.  Use
                     * to select all and 0 to deselect all.

              sign   Make a signature on key of user name. If the key  is  not
                     yet  signed  by the default user (or the users given with
                     -u), the program displays  the  information  of  the  key
                     again,  together with its fingerprint and asks whether it
                     should be signed. This question is repeated for all users
                     specified with -u.

              lsign  Same  as  "sign"  but  the signature is marked as non-ex-
                     portable and will therefore never be used by others. This
                     may be used to make keys valid only in the local environ-
                     ment.

              nrsign Same as "sign" but the signature is marked as non-revoca-
                     ble and can therefore never be revoked.

              tsign  Make a trust signature. This is a signature that combines
                     the notions of certification (like a regular  signature),
                     and  trust  (like  the  "trust" command). It is generally
                     only useful in distinct communities or groups.  For  more
                     information  please read the sections ``Trust Signature''
                     and ``Regular Expression'' in RFC-4880.

              Note that "l" (for local / non-exportable), "nr" (for  non-revo-
              cable,  and  "t" (for trust) may be freely mixed and prefixed to
              "sign" to create a signature of any type desired.

       If the option --only-sign-text-ids  is  specified,  then  any  non-text
       based user ids (e.g., photo IDs) will not be selected for signing.

              delsig Delete  a  signature. Note that it is not possible to re-
                     tract a signature, once it has been send  to  the  public
                     (i.e.  to  a  keyserver).   In  that  case you better use
                     revsig.

              revsig Revoke a signature. For every signature  which  has  been
                     generated by one of the secret keys, GnuPG asks whether a
                     revocation certificate should be generated.

              check  Check the signatures on all selected user IDs.  With  the
                     extra option selfsig only self-signatures are shown.

              adduid Create an additional user ID.

              addphoto
                     Create  a  photographic  user  ID. This will prompt for a
                     JPEG file that will be embedded into the  user  ID.  Note
                     that  a  very  large JPEG will make for a very large key.
                     Also note that some programs will display your  JPEG  un-
                     changed  (GnuPG),  and some programs will scale it to fit
                     in a dialog box (PGP).

              showphoto
                     Display the selected photographic user ID.

              deluid Delete a user ID or photographic user ID.  Note  that  it
                     is  not  possible  to retract a user id, once it has been
                     send to the public (i.e. to a keyserver).  In  that  case
                     you better use revuid.

              revuid Revoke a user ID or photographic user ID.

              primary
                     Flag  the current user id as the primary one, removes the
                     primary user id flag from all other user ids and sets the
                     timestamp  of  all  affected  self-signatures  one second
                     ahead. Note that setting a photo user ID as primary makes
                     it primary over other photo user IDs, and setting a regu-
                     lar user ID as primary makes it primary over other  regu-
                     lar user IDs.

              keyserver
                     Set  a  preferred keyserver for the specified user ID(s).
                     This allows other users to know where you prefer they get
                     your  key  from. See --keyserver-options honor-keyserver-
                     url for more on how  this  works.   Setting  a  value  of
                     "none" removes an existing preferred keyserver.

              notation
                     Set  a  name=value notation for the specified user ID(s).
                     See --cert-notation for more on how this works. Setting a
                     value of "none" removes all notations, setting a notation
                     prefixed with a minus sign (-) removes that notation, and
                     setting  a  notation  name  (without the =value) prefixed
                     with a minus sign removes all notations with that name.

              pref   List preferences from the selected user  ID.  This  shows
                     the  actual  preferences,  without  including any implied
                     preferences.

              showpref
                     More verbose preferences listing for  the  selected  user
                     ID. This shows the preferences in effect by including the
                     implied preferences of 3DES (cipher), SHA-1 (digest), and
                     Uncompressed  (compression)  if  they are not already in-
                     cluded in the preference list. In addition, the preferred
                     keyserver and signature notations (if any) are shown.

              setpref string
                     Set the list of user ID preferences to string for all (or
                     just the selected) user IDs. Calling setpref with no  ar-
                     guments  sets  the preference list to the default (either
                     built-in or set via --default-preference-list), and call-
                     ing  setpref  with  "none"  as the argument sets an empty
                     preference list. Use gpg  --version  to  get  a  list  of
                     available  algorithms. Note that while you can change the
                     preferences on an attribute user  ID  (aka  "photo  ID"),
                     GnuPG  does  not  select  keys  via attribute user IDs so
                     these preferences will not be used by GnuPG.

                     When setting preferences, you should list the  algorithms
                     in the order which you'd like to see them used by someone
                     else when encrypting a message to your key.  If you don't
                     include  3DES, it will be automatically added at the end.
                     Note that there are many factors that go into choosing an
                     algorithm  (for example, your key may not be the only re-
                     cipient), and so the  remote  OpenPGP  application  being
                     used to send to you may or may not follow your exact cho-
                     sen order for a given message.  It  will,  however,  only
                     choose  an  algorithm  that  is present on the preference
                     list of every recipient key.  See also the INTEROPERABIL-
                     ITY WITH OTHER OPENPGP PROGRAMS section below.

              addkey Add a subkey to this key.

              addcardkey
                     Generate a subkey on a card and add it to this key.

              keytocard
                     Transfer  the  selected secret subkey (or the primary key
                     if no subkey has been selected) to a smartcard.  The  se-
                     cret key in the keyring will be replaced by a stub if the
                     key could be stored successfully on the card and you  use
                     the  save  command  later.  Only certain key types may be
                     transferred to the card. A sub menu allows you to  select
                     on what card to store the key. Note that it is not possi-
                     ble to get that key back from the card - if the card gets
                     broken  your  secret  key  will be lost unless you have a
                     backup somewhere.

              bkuptocard file
                     Restore the given file to a card.  This  command  may  be
                     used  to  restore  a backup key (as generated during card
                     initialization) to a new card. In almost all  cases  this
                     will  be  the encryption key. You should use this command
                     only with the corresponding public key and make sure that
                     the  file  given  as argument is indeed the backup to re-
                     store. You should then select 2 to restore as  encryption
                     key.   You will first be asked to enter the passphrase of
                     the backup key and then for the Admin PIN of the card.

              delkey Remove a subkey (secondary key). Note that it is not pos-
                     sible  to  retract a subkey, once it has been send to the
                     public (i.e. to a keyserver).  In that  case  you  better
                     use  revkey.  Also note that this only deletes the public
                     part of a key.

              revkey Revoke a subkey.

              expire Change the key or subkey expiration time. If a subkey  is
                     selected,  the  expiration  time  of  this subkey will be
                     changed. With no selection, the  key  expiration  of  the
                     primary key is changed.

              trust  Change  the  owner  trust value for the key. This updates
                     the trust-db immediately and no save is required.

              disable
              enable Disable or enable an entire key. A disabled key  can  not
                     normally be used for encryption.

              addrevoker
                     Add  a  designated revoker to the key. This takes one op-
                     tional argument: "sensitive". If a designated revoker  is
                     marked  as  sensitive, it will not be exported by default
                     (see export-options).

              passwd Change the passphrase of the secret key.

              toggle This is dummy command which exists only for backward com-
                     patibility.

              clean  Compact  (by  removing all signatures except the selfsig)
                     any user ID that is no longer usable  (e.g.  revoked,  or
                     expired). Then, remove any signatures that are not usable
                     by the trust calculations.   Specifically,  this  removes
                     any  signature that does not validate, any signature that
                     is superseded by a later signature,  revoked  signatures,
                     and signatures issued by keys that are not present on the
                     keyring.

              minimize
                     Make the key as small as possible. This removes all  sig-
                     natures  from  each  user  ID  except for the most recent
                     self-signature.

              change-usage
                     Change the usage flags (capabilities) of the primary  key
                     or  of  subkeys.   These usage flags (e.g. Certify, Sign,
                     Authenticate,  Encrypt)  are  set  during  key  creation.
                     Sometimes  it is useful to have the opportunity to change
                     them (for example to add Authenticate)  after  they  have
                     been  created.  Please take care when doing this; the al-
                     lowed usage flags depend on the key algorithm.

              cross-certify
                     Add cross-certification  signatures  to  signing  subkeys
                     that  may  not  currently  have them. Cross-certification
                     signatures protect against a subtle attack against  sign-
                     ing  subkeys. See --require-cross-certification.  All new
                     keys generated have this signature by  default,  so  this
                     command is only useful to bring older keys up to date.

              save   Save all changes to the keyrings and quit.

              quit   Quit the program without updating the keyrings.

              The  listing  shows  you the key with its secondary keys and all
              user IDs.  The primary user ID is indicated by a  dot,  and  se-
              lected keys or user IDs are indicated by an asterisk.  The trust
              value is displayed with the primary key: "trust" is the assigned
              owner  trust  and  "validity"  is the calculated validity of the
              key.  Validity values are also displayed for all user IDs.   For
              possible values of trust, see: [trust-values].

       --sign-key name
              Signs a public key with your secret key. This is a shortcut ver-
              sion of the subcommand "sign" from --edit.

       --lsign-key name
              Signs a public key with your secret key but marks it as  non-ex-
              portable.  This  is a shortcut version of the subcommand "lsign"
              from --edit-key.

       --quick-sign-key fpr [names]
       --quick-lsign-key fpr [names]
              Directly sign a key from the passphrase without any further user
              interaction.   The  fpr must be the verified primary fingerprint
              of a key in the local keyring. If no names are given, all useful
              user  ids  are  signed;  with given [names] only useful user ids
              matching one of theses names are signed.  By default,  or  if  a
              name  is prefixed with a '*', a case insensitive substring match
              is used.  If a name is prefixed with a '=' a case sensitive  ex-
              act match is done.

              The  command  --quick-lsign-key  marks the signatures as non-ex-
              portable.  If such a non-exportable signature already exists the
              --quick-sign-key turns it into a exportable signature.

              This  command uses reasonable defaults and thus does not provide
              the full flexibility of the "sign" subcommand  from  --edit-key.
              Its  intended use is to help unattended key signing by utilizing
              a list of verified fingerprints.

       --quick-add-uid user-id new-user-id
              This command adds a new user id to an existing key.  In contrast
              to  the  interactive  sub-command  adduid of --edit-key the new-
              user-id is added verbatim with only leading and  trailing  white
              space removed, it is expected to be UTF-8 encoded, and no checks
              on its form are applied.

       --quick-revoke-uid user-id user-id-to-revoke
              This command revokes a user ID on an existing key.  It cannot be
              used to revoke the last user ID on key (some non-revoked user ID
              must remain), with revocation reason  ``User  ID  is  no  longer
              valid''.   If you want to specify a different revocation reason,
              or to supply supplementary revocation text, you should  use  the
              interactive sub-command revuid of --edit-key.

       --quick-set-primary-uid user-id primary-user-id
              This  command sets or updates the primary user ID flag on an ex-
              isting key.  user-id specifies the key and  primary-user-id  the
              user ID which shall be flagged as the primary user ID.  The pri-
              mary user ID flag is removed from all other  user  ids  and  the
              timestamp  of  all  affected  self-signatures  is set one second
              ahead.

       --change-passphrase user-id
       --passwd user-id
              Change the passphrase of the secret key belonging  to  the  cer-
              tificate  specified as user-id.  This is a shortcut for the sub-
              command passwd of the edit key menu.  When using  together  with
              the   option   --dry-run  this  will  not  actually  change  the
              passphrase but check that the current passphrase is correct.

OPTIONS
       gpg features a bunch of options to control the exact behaviour  and  to
       change the default configuration.

       Long    options    can   be   put   in   an   options   file   (default
       "~/.gnupg/gpg.conf"). Short option names will not work -  for  example,
       "armor"  is  a  valid option for the options file, while "a" is not. Do
       not write the 2 dashes, but simply the name of the option and  any  re-
       quired  arguments. Lines with a hash ('#') as the first non-white-space
       character are ignored. Commands may be put in this file too,  but  that
       is  not generally useful as the command will execute automatically with
       every execution of gpg.

       Please remember that option parsing stops as soon as  a  non-option  is
       encountered,  you  can explicitly stop parsing by using the special op-
       tion --.

   How to change the configuration

       These options are used to change  the  configuration  and  are  usually
       found in the option file.

       --default-key name
              Use  name as the default key to sign with. If this option is not
              used, the default key is the  first  key  found  in  the  secret
              keyring.   Note  that  -u or --local-user overrides this option.
              This option may be given multiple times.  In this case, the last
              key for which a secret key is available is used.  If there is no
              secret key available for any of the specified values, GnuPG will
              not  emit an error message but continue as if this option wasn't
              given.

       --default-recipient name
              Use name as default recipient if option --recipient is not  used
              and don't ask if this is a valid one. name must be non-empty.

       --default-recipient-self
              Use  the  default key as default recipient if option --recipient
              is not used and don't ask if this is a valid  one.  The  default
              key is the first one from the secret keyring or the one set with
              --default-key.

       --no-default-recipient
              Reset --default-recipient and --default-recipient-self.

       -v, --verbose
              Give more information during processing. If used twice, the  in-
              put data is listed in detail.

       --no-verbose
              Reset verbose level to 0.

       -q, --quiet
              Try to be as quiet as possible.

       --batch
       --no-batch
              Use  batch  mode.  Never ask, do not allow interactive commands.
              --no-batch disables this option.  Note that even with a filename
              given  on  the  command  line, gpg might still need to read from
              STDIN (in particular if gpg figures that the input is a detached
              signature  and no data file has been specified).  Thus if you do
              not want to feed data via STDIN, you  should  connect  STDIN  to
              g'/dev/null'.

              It  is  highly recommended to use this option along with the op-
              tions --status-fd and --with-colons for any  unattended  use  of
              gpg.

       --no-tty
              Make  sure that the TTY (terminal) is never used for any output.
              This option is needed in  some  cases  because  GnuPG  sometimes
              prints warnings to the TTY even if --batch is used.

       --yes  Assume "yes" on most questions.

       --no   Assume "no" on most questions.

       --list-options parameters
              This  is  a  space  or comma delimited string that gives options
              used when listing keys and  signatures  (that  is,  --list-keys,
              --check-signatures,  --list-public-keys, --list-secret-keys, and
              the --edit-key functions).  Options can be prepended with a  no-
              (after  the  two  dashes) to give the opposite meaning.  The op-
              tions are:

              show-photos
                     Causes  --list-keys,  --check-signatures,  --list-public-
                     keys, and --list-secret-keys to display any photo IDs at-
                     tached to the key.  Defaults to  no.  See  also  --photo-
                     viewer.   Does  not work with --with-colons: see --attri-
                     bute-fd for the appropriate way to  get  photo  data  for
                     scripts and other frontends.

              show-usage
                     Show  usage information for keys and subkeys in the stan-
                     dard key listing.  This is a list of  letters  indicating
                     the  allowed  usage  for  a key (E=encryption, S=signing,
                     C=certification, A=authentication).  Defaults to yes.

              show-policy-urls
                     Show policy URLs  in  the   --check-signatures  listings.
                     Defaults to no.

              show-notations
              show-std-notations
              show-user-notations
                     Show  all, IETF standard, or user-defined signature nota-
                     tions in the --check-signatures listings. Defaults to no.

              show-keyserver-urls
                     Show any preferred keyserver URL  in  the  --check-signa-
                     tures listings. Defaults to no.

              show-uid-validity
                     Display  the  calculated  validity of user IDs during key
                     listings.  Defaults to yes.

              show-unusable-uids
                     Show revoked and expired user IDs in  key  listings.  De-
                     faults to no.

              show-unusable-subkeys
                     Show  revoked  and  expired  subkeys in key listings. De-
                     faults to no.

              show-keyring
                     Display the keyring name at the head of key  listings  to
                     show  which  keyring  a given key resides on. Defaults to
                     no.

              show-sig-expire
                     Show signature expiration dates (if any) during  --check-
                     signatures listings. Defaults to no.

              show-sig-subpackets
                     Include signature subpackets in the key listing. This op-
                     tion can take an optional argument list of the subpackets
                     to  list.  If no argument is passed, list all subpackets.
                     Defaults to no. This option is only meaningful when using
                     --with-colons along with --check-signatures.

              show-only-fpr-mbox
                     For  each  user-id  which  has a valid mail address print
                     only the fingerprint followed by the mail address.

       --verify-options parameters
              This is a space or comma delimited  string  that  gives  options
              used  when verifying signatures. Options can be prepended with a
              `no-' to give the opposite meaning. The options are:

              show-photos
                     Display any photo IDs present on the key that issued  the
                     signature.  Defaults to no. See also --photo-viewer.

              show-policy-urls
                     Show  policy  URLs  in  the signature being verified. De-
                     faults to yes.

              show-notations
              show-std-notations
              show-user-notations
                     Show all, IETF standard, or user-defined signature  nota-
                     tions  in  the signature being verified. Defaults to IETF
                     standard.

              show-keyserver-urls
                     Show any preferred keyserver URL in the  signature  being
                     verified.  Defaults to yes.

              show-uid-validity
                     Display  the  calculated  validity of the user IDs on the
                     key that issued the signature. Defaults to yes.

              show-unusable-uids
                     Show revoked and expired user IDs during signature  veri-
                     fication.  Defaults to no.

              show-primary-uid-only
                     Show  only the primary user ID during signature verifica-
                     tion.  That is all the AKA lines as well as photo Ids are
                     not shown with the signature verification status.

              pka-lookups
                     Enable  PKA lookups to verify sender addresses. Note that
                     PKA is based on DNS, and so enabling this option may dis-
                     close  information  on when and what signatures are veri-
                     fied or to whom data is encrypted. This is similar to the
                     "web bug" described for the --auto-key-retrieve option.

              pka-trust-increase
                     Raise  the  trust in a signature to full if the signature
                     passes PKA validation. This option is only meaningful  if
                     pka-lookups is set.

       --enable-large-rsa
       --disable-large-rsa
              With  --generate-key and --batch, enable the creation of RSA se-
              cret keys as large as 8192 bit.  Note: 8192 bit is more than  is
              generally recommended.  These large keys don't significantly im-
              prove security, but they are more expensive to  use,  and  their
              signatures  and  certifications are larger.  This option is only
              available if the binary was build with large-secmem support.

       --enable-dsa2
       --disable-dsa2
              Enable hash truncation for all DSA keys even for old DSA Keys up
              to  1024  bit.   This  is also the default with --openpgp.  Note
              that older versions of GnuPG also required this  flag  to  allow
              the generation of DSA larger than 1024 bit.

       --photo-viewer string
              This  is the command line that should be run to view a photo ID.
              "%i" will be expanded to a filename containing the  photo.  "%I"
              does  the  same,  except  the  file will not be deleted once the
              viewer exits.  Other flags are "%k" for the key ID, "%K" for the
              long  key  ID, "%f" for the key fingerprint, "%t" for the exten-
              sion of the image type (e.g. "jpg"), "%T" for the MIME  type  of
              the  image  (e.g.  "image/jpeg"),  "%v" for the single-character
              calculated validity of the image being viewed (e.g.  "f"),  "%V"
              for the calculated validity as a string (e.g.  "full"), "%U" for
              a base32 encoded hash of the user ID, and  "%%"  for  an  actual
              percent  sign.  If  neither %i or %I are present, then the photo
              will be supplied to the viewer on standard input.

              On Unix the default viewer is  xloadimage  -fork  -quiet  -title
              'KeyID  0x%k'  STDIN  with  a  fallback to display -title 'KeyID
              0x%k' %i and finally to xdg-open %i.  On  Windows  !ShellExecute
              400  %i  is used; here the command is a meta command to use that
              API call followed by a wait time in milliseconds which  is  used
              to  give the viewer time to read the temporary image file before
              gpg deletes it again.  Note that if your image viewer program is
              not secure, then executing it from gpg does not make it secure.

       --exec-path string
              Sets  a  list  of directories to search for photo viewers If not
              provided photo viewers use the PATH environment variable.

       --keyring file
              Add file to the current list of keyrings. If file begins with  a
              tilde and a slash, these are replaced by the $HOME directory. If
              the filename does not contain a slash, it is assumed  to  be  in
              the  GnuPG home directory ("~/.gnupg" if --homedir or $GNUPGHOME
              is not used).

              Note that this adds a keyring to the current list. If the intent
              is  to use the specified keyring alone, use --keyring along with
              --no-default-keyring.

              If the option --no-keyring has been used  no  keyrings  will  be
              used at all.

       --secret-keyring file
              This  is  an  obsolete  option and ignored.  All secret keys are
              stored in the 'private-keys-v1.d' directory below the GnuPG home
              directory.

       --primary-keyring file
              Designate  file  as  the primary public keyring. This means that
              newly imported keys (via --import or keyserver --recv-from) will
              go to this keyring.

       --trustdb-name file
              Use  file  instead of the default trustdb. If file begins with a
              tilde and a slash, these are replaced by the $HOME directory. If
              the  filename  does  not contain a slash, it is assumed to be in
              the GnuPG home directory ('~/.gnupg' if --homedir or  $GNUPGHOME
              is not used).

       --homedir dir
              Set the name of the home directory to dir. If this option is not
              used, the home directory defaults to  '~/.gnupg'.   It  is  only
              recognized  when  given  on the command line.  It also overrides
              any home  directory  stated  through  the  environment  variable
              'GNUPGHOME' or (on Windows systems) by means of the Registry en-
              try HKCU\Software\GNU\GnuPG:HomeDir.

              On Windows systems it is possible to install GnuPG as a portable
              application.  In this case only this command line option is con-
              sidered, all other ways to set a home directory are ignored.

              To install GnuPG as a portable application under Windows, create
              an  empty  file named 'gpgconf.ctl' in the same directory as the
              tool 'gpgconf.exe'.  The root of the installation is  then  that
              directory;  or, if 'gpgconf.exe' has been installed directly be-
              low a directory named 'bin', its  parent  directory.   You  also
              need  to  make sure that the following directories exist and are
              writable:    'ROOT/home'    for    the    GnuPG     home     and
              'ROOT/var/cache/gnupg' for internal cache files.

       --display-charset name
              Set  the  name of the native character set. This is used to con-
              vert some informational strings like  user  IDs  to  the  proper
              UTF-8 encoding.  Note that this has nothing to do with the char-
              acter set of data to be encrypted or signed; GnuPG does not  re-
              code user-supplied data. If this option is not used, the default
              character set is determined from the current locale. A verbosity
              level of 3 shows the chosen set.  Valid values for name are:

              iso-8859-1
                     This is the Latin 1 set.

              iso-8859-2
                     The Latin 2 set.

              iso-8859-15
                     This is currently an alias for the Latin 1 set.

              koi8-r The usual Russian set (RFC-1489).

              utf-8  Bypass  all  translations and assume that the OS uses na-
                     tive UTF-8 encoding.

       --utf8-strings
       --no-utf8-strings
              Assume that command line arguments are given as  UTF-8  strings.
              The  default (--no-utf8-strings) is to assume that arguments are
              encoded in the character set as specified by  --display-charset.
              These  options  affect all following arguments. Both options may
              be used multiple times.

       --options file
              Read options from file and do not try to read them from the  de-
              fault  options  file in the homedir (see --homedir). This option
              is ignored if used in an options file.

       --no-options
              Shortcut for --options /dev/null. This option is detected before
              an  attempt to open an option file.  Using this option will also
              prevent the creation of a '~/.gnupg' homedir.

       -z n
       --compress-level n
       --bzip2-compress-level n
              Set compression level to n for the ZIP and ZLIB compression  al-
              gorithms. The default is to use the default compression level of
              zlib (normally 6). --bzip2-compress-level sets  the  compression
              level  for  the  BZIP2 compression algorithm (defaulting to 6 as
              well). This is a different option  from  --compress-level  since
              BZIP2  uses  a  significant amount of memory for each additional
              compression level.  -z sets both. A value of 0  for  n  disables
              compression.

       --bzip2-decompress-lowmem
              Use a different decompression method for BZIP2 compressed files.
              This alternate method uses a bit more than half the memory,  but
              also  runs  at  half the speed. This is useful under extreme low
              memory circumstances when the file was originally compressed  at
              a high --bzip2-compress-level.

       --mangle-dos-filenames
       --no-mangle-dos-filenames
              Older  version of Windows cannot handle filenames with more than
              one dot. --mangle-dos-filenames causes GnuPG to replace  (rather
              than  add  to) the extension of an output filename to avoid this
              problem. This option is off by default and has no effect on non-
              Windows platforms.

       --ask-cert-level
       --no-ask-cert-level
              When  making  a key signature, prompt for a certification level.
              If this option is not specified, the certification level used is
              set  via  --default-cert-level. See --default-cert-level for in-
              formation on the specific levels and how they  are  used.  --no-
              ask-cert-level disables this option. This option defaults to no.

       --default-cert-level n
              The default to use for the check level when signing a key.

              0  means  you  make  no particular claim as to how carefully you
              verified the key.

              1 means you believe the key is owned by the person who claims to
              own it but you could not, or did not verify the key at all. This
              is useful for a "persona" verification, where you sign  the  key
              of a pseudonymous user.

              2  means  you  did  casual verification of the key. For example,
              this could mean  that  you  verified  the  key  fingerprint  and
              checked the user ID on the key against a photo ID.

              3  means you did extensive verification of the key. For example,
              this could mean that you verified the key fingerprint  with  the
              owner  of the key in person, and that you checked, by means of a
              hard to forge document with a photo ID (such as a passport) that
              the name of the key owner matches the name in the user ID on the
              key, and finally that you verified (by exchange of  email)  that
              the email address on the key belongs to the key owner.

              Note  that  the examples given above for levels 2 and 3 are just
              that: examples. In the end, it is up to you to decide just  what
              "casual" and "extensive" mean to you.

              This option defaults to 0 (no particular claim).

       --min-cert-level
              When  building  the  trust database, treat any signatures with a
              certification level below this as invalid. Defaults to 2,  which
              disregards  level 1 signatures. Note that level 0 "no particular
              claim" signatures are always accepted.

       --trusted-key long key ID
              Assume that the specified key (which must be given as a  full  8
              byte  key  ID) is as trustworthy as one of your own secret keys.
              This option is useful if you don't want to keep your secret keys
              (or  one  of them) online but still want to be able to check the
              validity of a given recipient's or signator's key.

       --trust-model {pgp|classic|tofu|tofu+pgp|direct|always|auto}
              Set what trust model GnuPG should follow. The models are:

              pgp    This is the Web of Trust combined with  trust  signatures
                     as  used  in PGP 5.x and later. This is the default trust
                     model when creating a new trust database.

              classic
                     This is the standard Web of Trust as introduced by PGP 2.

              tofu

                     TOFU stands for Trust On First Use.  In this trust model,
                     the  first time a key is seen, it is memorized.  If later
                     another key with a user id with the same email address is
                     seen, both keys are marked as suspect.  In that case, the
                     next time either is used, a warning is displayed describ-
                     ing  the conflict, why it might have occurred (either the
                     user generated a new key and failed to cross sign the old
                     and  new keys, the key is forgery, or a man-in-the-middle
                     attack is being attempted), and the user is  prompted  to
                     manually confirm the validity of the key in question.

                     Because a potential attacker is able to control the email
                     address and thereby circumvent the conflict detection al-
                     gorithm  by using an email address that is similar in ap-
                     pearance to a trusted email address, whenever  a  message
                     is  verified,  statistics  about  the  number of messages
                     signed with the key are shown.  In this way, a  user  can
                     easily  identify attacks using fake keys for regular cor-
                     respondents.

                     When compared with the Web of Trust, TOFU offers signifi-
                     cantly  weaker  security guarantees.  In particular, TOFU
                     only helps ensure consistency (that is, that the  binding
                     between a key and email address doesn't change).  A major
                     advantage of TOFU is that it requires little  maintenance
                     to  use correctly.  To use the web of trust properly, you
                     need to actively sign keys and mark users as trusted  in-
                     troducers.   This is a time-consuming process and anecdo-
                     tal evidence suggests that even security-conscious  users
                     rarely  take  the  time to do this thoroughly and instead
                     rely on an ad-hoc TOFU process.

                     In the TOFU model, policies are associated with  bindings
                     between  keys  and  email  addresses (which are extracted
                     from user ids and normalized).  There are five  policies,
                     which can be set manually using the --tofu-policy option.
                     The default policy can be set using  the  --tofu-default-
                     policy option.

                     The  TOFU policies are: auto, good, unknown, bad and ask.
                     The auto policy is used by default (unless overridden  by
                     --tofu-default-policy)  and marks a binding as marginally
                     trusted.  The good, unknown and bad policies mark a bind-
                     ing  as fully trusted, as having unknown trust or as hav-
                     ing trust never, respectively.   The  unknown  policy  is
                     useful  for  just  using TOFU to detect conflicts, but to
                     never assign positive trust to a binding.  The final pol-
                     icy,  ask  prompts  the  user  to  indicate the binding's
                     trust.  If batch mode is enabled (or input is inappropri-
                     ate  in  the  context), then the user is not prompted and
                     the undefined trust level is returned.

              tofu+pgp
                     This trust model combines TOFU with  the  Web  of  Trust.
                     This  is done by computing the trust level for each model
                     and then taking the maximum trust level where  the  trust
                     levels are ordered as follows: unknown < undefined < mar-
                     ginal < fully < ultimate < expired < never.

                     By setting --tofu-default-policy=unknown, this model  can
                     be  used  to  implement the web of trust with TOFU's con-
                     flict detection algorithm, but without its assignment  of
                     positive  trust  values,  which  some  security-conscious
                     users don't like.

              direct Key validity is set directly by the user and  not  calcu-
                     lated  via  the Web of Trust.  This model is solely based
                     on the key and does not distinguish user IDs.  Note  that
                     when changing to another trust model the trust values as-
                     signed to a key are transformed into  ownertrust  values,
                     which also indicate how you trust the owner of the key to
                     sign other keys.

              always Skip key validation and assume that used keys are  always
                     fully  valid. You generally won't use this unless you are
                     using some external validation scheme. This  option  also
                     suppresses  the  "[uncertain]" tag printed with signature
                     checks when there is no evidence  that  the  user  ID  is
                     bound  to the key.  Note that this trust model still does
                     not allow the use of expired, revoked, or disabled keys.

              auto   Select the trust model depending on whatever the internal
                     trust  database says. This is the default model if such a
                     database already exists.  Note that a tofu trust model is
                     not considered here and must be enabled explicitly.

       --auto-key-locate mechanisms
       --no-auto-key-locate
              GnuPG can automatically locate and retrieve keys as needed using
              this option.  This happens when encrypting to an  email  address
              (in  the  "user@example.com" form), and there are no "user@exam-
              ple.com" keys on the local keyring.  This option takes any  num-
              ber  of the mechanisms listed below, in the order they are to be
              tried.  Instead of listing the mechanisms as comma delimited ar-
              guments,  the option may also be given several times to add more
              mechanism.  The option  --no-auto-key-locate  or  the  mechanism
              "clear" resets the list.  The default is "local,wkd".

              cert   Locate a key using DNS CERT, as specified in RFC-4398.

              pka    Locate a key using DNS PKA.

              dane   Locate a key using DANE, as specified in draft-ietf-dane-
                     openpgpkey-05.txt.

              wkd    Locate a key using the Web Key Directory protocol.

              ldap   Using DNS Service Discovery, check the domain in question
                     for  any  LDAP keyservers to use.  If this fails, attempt
                     to locate the key  using  the  PGP  Universal  method  of
                     checking 'ldap://keys.(thedomain)'.

              keyserver
                     Locate a key using a keyserver.

              keyserver-URL
                     In  addition, a keyserver URL as used in the dirmngr con-
                     figuration may be used here to query that particular key-
                     server.

              local  Locate  the key using the local keyrings.  This mechanism
                     allows the user to select the order a local key lookup is
                     done.   Thus using '--auto-key-locate local' is identical
                     to --no-auto-key-locate.

              nodefault
                     This flag disables the standard local  key  lookup,  done
                     before  any  of the mechanisms defined by the --auto-key-
                     locate are tried.  The position of this mechanism in  the
                     list  does  not  matter.   It is not required if local is
                     also used.

              clear  Clear all defined mechanisms.  This is useful to override
                     mechanisms given in a config file.  Note that a nodefault
                     in mechanisms will also be cleared unless it is given af-
                     ter the clear.

       --auto-key-retrieve
       --no-auto-key-retrieve
              These options enable or disable the automatic retrieving of keys
              from a keyserver when verifying signatures made by keys that are
              not  on  the  local  keyring.   The default is --no-auto-key-re-
              trieve.

              The order of methods tried to lookup the key is:

              1. If a preferred keyserver is specified in  the  signature  and
              the  option  honor-keyserver-url is active (which is not the de-
              fault), that keyserver is tried.  Note that the creator  of  the
              signature  uses  the  option  --sig-keyserver-url to specify the
              preferred keyserver for data signatures.

              2. If the  signature  has  the  Signer's  UID  set  (e.g.  using
              --sender while creating the signature) a Web Key Directory (WKD)
              lookup is done.  This is the default configuration  but  can  be
              disabled by removing WKD from the auto-key-locate list or by us-
              ing the option --disable-signer-uid.

              3. If the option honor-pka-record  is  active,  the  legacy  PKA
              method is used.

              4.  If any keyserver is configured and the Issuer Fingerprint is
              part of the signature (since GnuPG 2.1.16), the configured  key-
              servers are tried.

              Note  that this option makes a "web bug" like behavior possible.
              Keyserver or Web Key Directory operators can see which keys  you
              request,  so  by sending you a message signed by a brand new key
              (which you naturally will not have on your local  keyring),  the
              operator  can  tell  both  your IP address and the time when you
              verified the signature.

       --keyid-format {none|short|0xshort|long|0xlong}
              Select how to display key IDs.  "none" does not show the key  ID
              at all but shows the fingerprint in a separate line.  "short" is
              the traditional 8-character key ID.  "long" is the more accurate
              (but  less  convenient) 16-character key ID.  Add an "0x" to ei-
              ther to include an "0x" at the beginning of the key  ID,  as  in
              0x99242560.   Note  that  this  option  is ignored if the option
              --with-colons is used.

       --keyserver name
              This option is deprecated - please use the --keyserver in 'dirm-
              ngr.conf' instead.

              Use  name  as your keyserver. This is the server that --receive-
              keys, --send-keys, and --search-keys will  communicate  with  to
              receive  keys  from,  send  keys to, and search for keys on. The
              format of the name is a  URI:  `scheme:[//]keyservername[:port]'
              The scheme is the type of keyserver: "hkp" for the HTTP (or com-
              patible) keyservers, "ldap" for the LDAP keyservers, or "mailto"
              for the Graff email keyserver. Note that your particular instal-
              lation of GnuPG may have  other  keyserver  types  available  as
              well.  Keyserver  schemes  are  case-insensitive. After the key-
              server name, optional keyserver  configuration  options  may  be
              provided.  These  are the same as the global --keyserver-options
              from below, but apply only to this particular keyserver.

              Most keyservers synchronize with each other, so there is  gener-
              ally no need to send keys to more than one server. The keyserver
              hkp://keys.gnupg.net uses round robin DNS to  give  a  different
              keyserver each time you use it.

       --keyserver-options {name=value}
              This is a space or comma delimited string that gives options for
              the keyserver. Options can be prefixed with a `no-' to give  the
              opposite  meaning. Valid import-options or export-options may be
              used here as well to apply to importing (--recv-key) or  export-
              ing  (--send-key)  a key from a keyserver. While not all options
              are available for all keyserver types, some common options are:

              include-revoked
                     When searching for a key with --search-keys, include keys
                     that  are  marked  on the keyserver as revoked. Note that
                     not all keyservers differentiate between revoked and  un-
                     revoked  keys,  and  for  such  keyservers this option is
                     meaningless. Note also that most keyservers do  not  have
                     cryptographic  verification  of  key  revocations, and so
                     turning this option off may result in skipping keys  that
                     are incorrectly marked as revoked.

              include-disabled
                     When searching for a key with --search-keys, include keys
                     that are marked on the keyserver as disabled.  Note  that
                     this option is not used with HKP keyservers.

              auto-key-retrieve
                     This  is  an  obsolete  alias for the option auto-key-re-
                     trieve.  Please do not use it; it will be removed in  fu-
                     ture versions..

              honor-keyserver-url
                     When  using  --refresh-keys, if the key in question has a
                     preferred keyserver URL, then  use  that  preferred  key-
                     server to refresh the key from. In addition, if auto-key-
                     retrieve is set, and the signature being verified  has  a
                     preferred  keyserver  URL,  then  use that preferred key-
                     server to fetch the key from. Note that this  option  in-
                     troduces a "web bug": The creator of the key can see when
                     the keys is refreshed.  Thus this option is  not  enabled
                     by default.

              honor-pka-record
                     If  --auto-key-retrieve  is used, and the signature being
                     verified has a PKA record, then use the  PKA  information
                     to fetch the key. Defaults to "yes".

              include-subkeys
                     When  receiving  a key, include subkeys as potential tar-
                     gets. Note that this option is not  used  with  HKP  key-
                     servers, as they do not support retrieving keys by subkey
                     id.

              timeout
              http-proxy=value
              verbose
              debug
              check-cert

              ca-cert-file
                     These options have no more function since GnuPG 2.1.  Use
                     the dirmngr configuration options instead.

       The  default  list of options is: "self-sigs-only, repair-keys, repair-
       pks-subkey-bug, export-attributes, honor-pka-record".

       --completes-needed n
              Number of completely trusted users to introduce a new key signer
              (defaults to 1).

       --marginals-needed n
              Number of marginally trusted users to introduce a new key signer
              (defaults to 3)

       --tofu-default-policy {auto|good|unknown|bad|ask}
              The default TOFU policy (defaults to auto).  For  more  informa-
              tion about the meaning of this option, see: [trust-model-tofu].

       --max-cert-depth n
              Maximum depth of a certification chain (default is 5).

       --no-sig-cache
              Do not cache the verification status of key signatures.  Caching
              gives a much better performance in key listings. However, if you
              suspect that your public keyring is not safe against write modi-
              fications, you can use this option to disable  the  caching.  It
              probably  does  not make sense to disable it because all kind of
              damage can be done if someone else has write access to your pub-
              lic keyring.

       --auto-check-trustdb
       --no-auto-check-trustdb
              If  GnuPG  feels that its information about the Web of Trust has
              to be updated, it automatically runs the --check-trustdb command
              internally.   This  may  be a time consuming process. --no-auto-
              check-trustdb disables this option.

       --use-agent
       --no-use-agent
              This is dummy option. gpg always requires the agent.

       --gpg-agent-info
              This is dummy option. It has no effect when used with gpg.

       --agent-program file
              Specify an agent program to be used for secret  key  operations.
              The  default value is determined by running gpgconf with the op-
              tion --list-dirs.  Note that the pipe symbol (|) is used  for  a
              regression  test suite hack and may thus not be used in the file
              name.

       --dirmngr-program file
              Specify a dirmngr program to be used for keyserver access.   The
              default value is '/usr/bin/dirmngr'.

       --disable-dirmngr
              Entirely disable the use of the Dirmngr.

       --no-autostart
              Do not start the gpg-agent or the dirmngr if it has not yet been
              started and its service is required.  This option is mostly use-
              ful on machines where the connection to gpg-agent has been redi-
              rected to another machines.  If dirmngr is required on  the  re-
              mote  machine, it may be started manually using gpgconf --launch
              dirmngr.

       --lock-once
              Lock the databases the first time a lock is requested and do not
              release the lock until the process terminates.

       --lock-multiple
              Release  the  locks  every  time a lock is no longer needed. Use
              this to override a previous --lock-once from a config file.

       --lock-never
              Disable locking entirely. This option should  be  used  only  in
              very special environments, where it can be assured that only one
              process is accessing those  files.  A  bootable  floppy  with  a
              stand-alone  encryption  system will probably use this. Improper
              usage of this option may lead to data and key corruption.

       --exit-on-status-write-error
              This option will cause write errors on the status FD to  immedi-
              ately  terminate the process. That should in fact be the default
              but it never worked this way and thus we need an option  to  en-
              able  this,  so  that  the change won't break applications which
              close their end of a status fd connected pipe too  early.  Using
              this  option  along with --enable-progress-filter may be used to
              cleanly cancel long running gpg operations.

       --limit-card-insert-tries n
              With n greater than 0 the number of prompts asking to  insert  a
              smartcard  gets limited to N-1. Thus with a value of 1 gpg won't
              at all ask to insert  a  card  if  none  has  been  inserted  at
              startup. This option is useful in the configuration file in case
              an application does not know about  the  smartcard  support  and
              waits ad infinitum for an inserted card.

       --no-random-seed-file
              GnuPG uses a file to store its internal random pool over invoca-
              tions.  This makes random generation faster;  however  sometimes
              write  operations  are  not  desired. This option can be used to
              achieve that with the cost of slower random generation.

       --no-greeting
              Suppress the initial copyright message.

       --no-secmem-warning
              Suppress the warning about "using insecure memory".

       --no-permission-warning
              Suppress the  warning  about  unsafe  file  and  home  directory
              (--homedir)  permissions.  Note  that the permission checks that
              GnuPG performs are not intended to be authoritative, but  rather
              they  simply  warn  about certain common permission problems. Do
              not assume that the lack of a warning means that your system  is
              secure.

              Note that the warning for unsafe --homedir permissions cannot be
              suppressed in the gpg.conf file, as this would allow an attacker
              to  place an unsafe gpg.conf file in place, and use this file to
              suppress warnings about itself. The --homedir permissions  warn-
              ing may only be suppressed on the command line.

       --require-secmem
       --no-require-secmem
              Refuse  to run if GnuPG cannot get secure memory. Defaults to no
              (i.e. run, but give a warning).

       --require-cross-certification
       --no-require-cross-certification
              When verifying a signature made from a subkey, ensure  that  the
              cross  certification  "back  signature" on the subkey is present
              and valid.  This protects against a subtle attack  against  sub-
              keys  that  can sign.  Defaults to --require-cross-certification
              for gpg.

       --expert
       --no-expert
              Allow the user to do certain nonsensical or "silly" things  like
              signing an expired or revoked key, or certain potentially incom-
              patible things like generating unusual key types. This also dis-
              ables  certain  warning  messages about potentially incompatible
              actions. As the name implies, this option is for  experts  only.
              If you don't fully understand the implications of what it allows
              you to do, leave this off. --no-expert disables this option.

   Key related options

       --recipient name
       -r     Encrypt for user id name. If this option  or  --hidden-recipient
              is  not  specified, GnuPG asks for the user-id unless --default-
              recipient is given.

       --hidden-recipient name
       -R     Encrypt for user ID name, but hide the key  ID  of  this  user's
              key.  This  option helps to hide the receiver of the message and
              is a limited countermeasure against traffic  analysis.  If  this
              option  or --recipient is not specified, GnuPG asks for the user
              ID unless --default-recipient is given.

       --recipient-file file
       -f     This option is similar to --recipient except that it encrypts to
              a key stored in the given file.  file must be the name of a file
              containing exactly one key.  gpg assumes that the  key  in  this
              file is fully valid.

       --hidden-recipient-file file
       -F     This  option is similar to --hidden-recipient except that it en-
              crypts to a key stored in the given file.  file must be the name
              of  a file containing exactly one key.  gpg assumes that the key
              in this file is fully valid.

       --encrypt-to name
              Same as --recipient but this one is intended for use in the  op-
              tions file and may be used with your own user-id as an "encrypt-
              to-self". These keys are only used when there are other  recipi-
              ents given either by use of --recipient or by the asked user id.
              No trust checking is performed for these user ids and even  dis-
              abled keys can be used.

       --hidden-encrypt-to name
              Same  as  --hidden-recipient but this one is intended for use in
              the options file and may be used with your own user-id as a hid-
              den  "encrypt-to-self".  These keys are only used when there are
              other recipients given either by use of --recipient  or  by  the
              asked  user  id.   No trust checking is performed for these user
              ids and even disabled keys can be used.

       --no-encrypt-to
              Disable the use  of  all  --encrypt-to  and  --hidden-encrypt-to
              keys.

       --group {name=value}
              Sets up a named group, which is similar to aliases in email pro-
              grams.  Any time the group name is a recipient (-r or  --recipi-
              ent),  it  will  be  expanded  to the values specified. Multiple
              groups with the same name are automatically merged into a single
              group.

              The  values are key IDs or fingerprints, but any key description
              is accepted. Note that a value with spaces in it will be treated
              as  two  different  values. Note also there is only one level of
              expansion --- you cannot make an group that  points  to  another
              group.  When  used from the command line, it may be necessary to
              quote the argument to this option  to  prevent  the  shell  from
              treating it as multiple arguments.

       --ungroup name
              Remove a given entry from the --group list.

       --no-groups
              Remove all entries from the --group list.

       --local-user name
       -u     Use  name  as  the key to sign with. Note that this option over-
              rides --default-key.

       --sender mbox
              This option has two purposes.  mbox must either  be  a  complete
              user id with a proper mail address or just a mail address.  When
              creating a signature this option tells gpg the user id of a  key
              used  to  make a signature if the key was not directly specified
              by a user id.  When verifying a signature the mbox  is  used  to
              restrict  the  information  printed by the TOFU code to matching
              user ids.

       --try-secret-key name
              For hidden recipients GPG needs to know  the  keys  to  use  for
              trial  decryption.   The  key  set  with --default-key is always
              tried first, but this is often not sufficient.  This option  al-
              lows  setting  more  keys  to be used for trial decryption.  Al-
              though any valid user-id specification may be used for  name  it
              makes sense to use at least the long keyid to avoid ambiguities.
              Note that gpg-agent might pop up a pinentry for a lot keys to do
              the trial decryption.  If you want to stop all further trial de-
              cryption you may use close-window button instead of  the  cancel
              button.

       --try-all-secrets
              Don't  look  at  the key ID as stored in the message but try all
              secret keys in turn to find the right decryption key.  This  op-
              tion  forces the behaviour as used by anonymous recipients (cre-
              ated by using --throw-keyids or  --hidden-recipient)  and  might
              come  handy  in case where an encrypted message contains a bogus
              key ID.

       --skip-hidden-recipients
       --no-skip-hidden-recipients
              During decryption skip all anonymous  recipients.   This  option
              helps  in the case that people use the hidden recipients feature
              to hide their own encrypt-to key from others.  If one  has  many
              secret  keys this may lead to a major annoyance because all keys
              are tried in turn to decrypt something which was not really  in-
              tended  for  it.  The drawback of this option is that it is cur-
              rently not possible to decrypt a  message  which  includes  real
              anonymous recipients.

   Input and Output

       --armor
       -a     Create  ASCII  armored output.  The default is to create the bi-
              nary OpenPGP format.

       --no-armor
              Assume the input data is not in ASCII armored format.

       --output file
       -o file
              Write output to file.  To write to stdout use - as the filename.

       --max-output n
              This option sets a limit on the number of  bytes  that  will  be
              generated when processing a file. Since OpenPGP supports various
              levels of compression, it is possible that the  plaintext  of  a
              given  message  may  be  significantly  larger than the original
              OpenPGP message. While GnuPG works properly with such  messages,
              there  is often a desire to set a maximum file size that will be
              generated before processing is forced to stop by the OS  limits.
              Defaults to 0, which means "no limit".

       --input-size-hint n
              This  option  can be used to tell GPG the size of the input data
              in bytes.  n must be a positive base-10 number.  This option  is
              only  useful if the input is not taken from a file.  GPG may use
              this hint to optimize its buffer  allocation  strategy.   It  is
              also  used  by  the  --status-fd  line ``PROGRESS'' to provide a
              value for ``total'' if that is not available by other means.

       --key-origin string[,url]
              gpg can track the origin of a key. Certain origins  are  implic-
              itly  known  (e.g. keyserver, web key directory) and set.  For a
              standard import the origin of the keys imported can be set  with
              this option.  To list the possible values use "help" for string.
              Some origins can store an optional url argument.  That  URL  can
              appended to string after a comma.

       --import-options parameters
              This is a space or comma delimited string that gives options for
              importing keys. Options can be prepended with a  `no-'  to  give
              the opposite meaning. The options are:

              import-local-sigs
                     Allow importing key signatures marked as "local". This is
                     not generally useful unless a shared  keyring  scheme  is
                     being used.  Defaults to no.

              keep-ownertrust
                     Normally  possible  still existing ownertrust values of a
                     key are cleared if a key is imported.  This is in general
                     desirable  so  that a formerly deleted key does not auto-
                     matically gain an ownertrust values merely due to import.
                     On  the other hand it is sometimes necessary to re-import
                     a trusted set of keys again but keeping already  assigned
                     ownertrust  values.   This  can be achieved by using this
                     option.

              repair-pks-subkey-bug
                     During import, attempt to repair the damage caused by the
                     PKS  keyserver  bug (pre version 0.9.6) that mangles keys
                     with multiple subkeys. Note that this  cannot  completely
                     repair the damaged key as some crucial data is removed by
                     the keyserver, but it does at least  give  you  back  one
                     subkey.  Defaults  to  no for regular --import and to yes
                     for keyserver --receive-keys.

              import-show
              show-only
                     Show a listing of the key as imported right before it  is
                     stored.   This  can be combined with the option --dry-run
                     to only look at keys; the option show-only is a  shortcut
                     for this combination.  The command --show-keys is another
                     shortcut for this.  Note that suffixes like '#' for "sec"
                     and "sbb" lines may or may not be printed.

              import-export
                     Run the entire import code but instead of storing the key
                     to the local keyring write it to the output.  The  export
                     options  export-pka  and  export-dane  affect the output.
                     This option can be used to remove all invalid parts  from
                     a key without the need to store it.

              merge-only
                     During import, allow key updates to existing keys, but do
                     not allow any new keys to be imported. Defaults to no.

              import-clean
                     After import, compact (remove all signatures  except  the
                     self-signature)  any  user  IDs from the new key that are
                     not usable.  Then, remove any signatures from the new key
                     that  are not usable.  This includes signatures that were
                     issued by keys that are not present on the keyring.  This
                     option  is  the  same  as  running the --edit-key command
                     "clean" after import. Defaults to no.

              self-sigs-only
                     Accept only self-signatures while importing a  key.   All
                     other  key  signatures  are  skipped  at  an early import
                     stage.  This option can be used with keyserver-options to
                     mitigate  attempts  to  flood a key with bogus signatures
                     from a keyserver.  The drawback is that all  other  valid
                     key  signatures, as required by the Web of Trust are also
                     not imported.  Note that when  using  this  option  along
                     with  import-clean it suppresses the final clean step af-
                     ter merging the imported key into the existing key.

              repair-keys
                     After import, fix various problems with  the  keys.   For
                     example,  this  reorders signatures, and strips duplicate
                     signatures.  Defaults to yes.

              import-minimal
                     Import the smallest key possible. This removes all signa-
                     tures  except the most recent self-signature on each user
                     ID. This option is the same  as  running  the  --edit-key
                     command "minimize" after import.  Defaults to no.

              restore
              import-restore
                     Import  in key restore mode.  This imports all data which
                     is usually skipped during  import;  including  all  GnuPG
                     specific data.  All other contradicting options are over-
                     ridden.

       --import-filter {name=expr}
       --export-filter {name=expr}
              These options define an import/export filter which  are  applied
              to  the  imported/exported  keyblock  right  before  it  will be
              stored/written.  name defines the type of filter  to  use,  expr
              the  expression  to  evaluate.   The  option can be used several
              times which then appends more expression to the same name.

              The available filter types are:

              keep-uid
                     This filter will keep a user id packet and its  dependent
                     packets  in  the  keyblock if the expression evaluates to
                     true.

              drop-subkey
                     This filter drops the selected subkeys.   Currently  only
                     implemented for --export-filter.

              drop-sig
                     This  filter  drops  the  selected key signatures on user
                     ids.  Self-signatures are not considered.  Currently only
                     implemented for --import-filter.

       For  the syntax of the expression see the chapter "FILTER EXPRESSIONS".
       The property names for the expressions depend on the actual filter type
       and are indicated in the following table.

       The available properties are:

              uid    A string with the user id.  (keep-uid)

              mbox   The addr-spec part of a user id with mailbox or the empty
                     string.  (keep-uid)

              key_algo
                     A number with the public key algorithm of a key or subkey
                     packet.  (drop-subkey)

              key_created
              key_created_d
                     The  first is the timestamp a public key or subkey packet
                     was created.  The second is the same but given as an  ISO
                     string, e.g. "2016-08-17". (drop-subkey)

              primary
                     Boolean  indicating  whether  the  user id is the primary
                     one.  (keep-uid)

              expired
                     Boolean indicating whether a user id  (keep-uid),  a  key
                     (drop-subkey), or a signature (drop-sig) expired.

              revoked
                     Boolean  indicating whether a user id (keep-uid) or a key
                     (drop-subkey) has been revoked.

              disabled
                     Boolean indicating whether a  primary  key  is  disabled.
                     (not used)

              secret Boolean  indicating  whether  a key or subkey is a secret
                     one.  (drop-subkey)

              usage  A string indicating the usage flags for the subkey,  from
                     the sequence ``ecsa?''.  For example, a subkey capable of
                     just signing and authentication would be an  exact  match
                     for ``sa''. (drop-subkey)

              sig_created
              sig_created_d
                     The  first  is  the timestamp a signature packet was cre-
                     ated.  The second is the same but given as  an  ISO  date
                     string, e.g. "2016-08-17". (drop-sig)

              sig_algo
                     A  number  with  the  public key algorithm of a signature
                     packet. (drop-sig)

              sig_digest_algo
                     A number with the digest algorithm of a signature packet.
                     (drop-sig)

       --export-options parameters
              This is a space or comma delimited string that gives options for
              exporting keys.  Options can be prepended with a `no-'  to  give
              the opposite meaning.  The options are:

              export-local-sigs
                     Allow exporting key signatures marked as "local". This is
                     not generally useful unless a shared  keyring  scheme  is
                     being used.  Defaults to no.

              export-attributes
                     Include  attribute  user IDs (photo IDs) while exporting.
                     Not including attribute user IDs is useful to export keys
                     that are going to be used by an OpenPGP program that does
                     not accept attribute user IDs.  Defaults to yes.

              export-sensitive-revkeys
                     Include designated revoker information that was marked as
                     "sensitive". Defaults to no.

              backup
              export-backup
                     Export  for  use as a backup.  The exported data includes
                     all data which is needed to restore the key or keys later
                     with  GnuPG.   The format is basically the OpenPGP format
                     but enhanced with GnuPG specific data.  All other contra-
                     dicting options are overridden.

              export-clean
                     Compact  (remove all signatures from) user IDs on the key
                     being exported if the user IDs are not usable.  Also,  do
                     not  export  any signatures that are not usable. This in-
                     cludes signatures that were issued by keys that  are  not
                     present  on  the keyring. This option is the same as run-
                     ning the --edit-key command "clean" before export  except
                     that  the local copy of the key is not modified. Defaults
                     to no.

              export-minimal
                     Export the smallest key possible. This removes all signa-
                     tures  except the most recent self-signature on each user
                     ID. This option is the same  as  running  the  --edit-key
                     command  "minimize"  before  export except that the local
                     copy of the key is not modified. Defaults to no.

              export-pka
                     Instead of outputting the key material output PKA records
                     suitable  to  put into DNS zone files.  An ORIGIN line is
                     printed before each record to allow diverting the records
                     to the corresponding zone file.

              export-dane
                     Instead  of  outputting  the  key material output OpenPGP
                     DANE records suitable to put into  DNS  zone  files.   An
                     ORIGIN  line  is  printed before each record to allow di-
                     verting the records to the corresponding zone file.

       --with-colons
              Print key listings delimited by colons.  Note  that  the  output
              will  be  encoded  in  UTF-8 regardless of any --display-charset
              setting. This format is useful when GnuPG is called from scripts
              and  other  programs as it is easily machine parsed. The details
              of this format are documented in the file  'doc/DETAILS',  which
              is included in the GnuPG source distribution.

       --fixed-list-mode
              Do  not  merge  primary  user ID and primary key in --with-colon
              listing  mode  and  print  all  timestamps  as   seconds   since
              1970-01-01.   Since  GnuPG  2.0.10, this mode is always used and
              thus this option is obsolete; it does not harm to use it though.

       --legacy-list-mode
              Revert to the pre-2.1 public key list mode.  This  only  affects
              the  human  readable  output and not the machine interface (i.e.
              --with-colons).  Note that the legacy  format  does  not  convey
              suitable information for elliptic curves.

       --with-fingerprint
              Same as the command --fingerprint but changes only the format of
              the output and may be used together with another command.

       --with-subkey-fingerprint
              If a fingerprint is printed for the  primary  key,  this  option
              forces  printing of the fingerprint for all subkeys.  This could
              also be achieved by using the --with-fingerprint  twice  but  by
              using  this option along with keyid-format "none" a compact fin-
              gerprint is printed.

       --with-icao-spelling
              Print the ICAO spelling of the fingerprint in  addition  to  the
              hex digits.

       --with-keygrip
              Include  the keygrip in the key listings.  In --with-colons mode
              this is implicitly enable for secret keys.

       --with-key-origin
              Include the locally held information on the origin and last  up-
              date  of  a key in a key listing.  In --with-colons mode this is
              always printed.  This data is currently experimental  and  shall
              not be considered part of the stable API.

       --with-wkd-hash
              Print  a Web Key Directory identifier along with each user ID in
              key listings.  This is an experimental feature and semantics may
              change.

       --with-secret
              Include  info  about  the presence of a secret key in public key
              listings done with --with-colons.

   OpenPGP protocol specific options

       -t, --textmode
       --no-textmode
              Treat input files as text and store them in the OpenPGP  canoni-
              cal  text form with standard "CRLF" line endings. This also sets
              the necessary flags to inform the recipient that  the  encrypted
              or  signed  data is text and may need its line endings converted
              back to whatever the local system uses. This  option  is  useful
              when  communicating  between  two  platforms that have different
              line ending conventions (UNIX-like to Mac, Mac to Windows, etc).
              --no-textmode disables this option, and is the default.

       --force-v3-sigs
       --no-force-v3-sigs

       --force-v4-certs
       --no-force-v4-certs
              These options are obsolete and have no effect since GnuPG 2.1.

       --force-mdc
       --disable-mdc
              These options are obsolete and have no effect since GnuPG 2.2.8.
              The MDC is always used.  But note: If the creation of  a  legacy
              non-MDC  message is exceptionally required, the option --rfc2440
              allows for this.

       --disable-signer-uid
              By default the user ID of the signing key  is  embedded  in  the
              data  signature.  As of now this is only done if the signing key
              has been specified with local-user using a mail address, or with
              sender.   This information can be helpful for verifier to locate
              the key; see option --auto-key-retrieve.

       --personal-cipher-preferences string
              Set the list of personal cipher preferences to string.  Use  gpg
              --version to get a list of available algorithms, and use none to
              set no preference at all.  This allows the user to safely  over-
              ride  the  algorithm chosen by the recipient key preferences, as
              GPG will only select an algorithm that is usable by all  recipi-
              ents.   The  most highly ranked cipher in this list is also used
              for the --symmetric encryption command.

       --personal-digest-preferences string
              Set the list of personal digest preferences to string.  Use  gpg
              --version to get a list of available algorithms, and use none to
              set no preference at all.  This allows the user to safely  over-
              ride  the  algorithm chosen by the recipient key preferences, as
              GPG will only select an algorithm that is usable by all  recipi-
              ents.   The  most highly ranked digest algorithm in this list is
              also used when signing without encryption (e.g. --clear-sign  or
              --sign).

       --personal-compress-preferences string
              Set the list of personal compression preferences to string.  Use
              gpg --version to get a list of  available  algorithms,  and  use
              none  to  set  no  preference  at  all.  This allows the user to
              safely override the algorithm chosen by the recipient key  pref-
              erences,  as GPG will only select an algorithm that is usable by
              all recipients.  The most highly ranked compression algorithm in
              this  list is also used when there are no recipient keys to con-
              sider (e.g. --symmetric).

       --s2k-cipher-algo name
              Use name as the cipher algorithm for symmetric encryption with a
              passphrase  if  --personal-cipher-preferences  and --cipher-algo
              are not given.  The default is AES-128.

       --s2k-digest-algo name
              Use name as the digest algorithm used to mangle the  passphrases
              for symmetric encryption.  The default is SHA-1.

       --s2k-mode n
              Selects how passphrases for symmetric encryption are mangled. If
              n is 0 a plain passphrase (which is in general not  recommended)
              will  be used, a 1 adds a salt (which should not be used) to the
              passphrase and a 3 (the default) iterates the  whole  process  a
              number of times (see --s2k-count).

       --s2k-count n
              Specify  how  many  times the passphrases mangling for symmetric
              encryption is repeated.  This value may range between  1024  and
              65011712  inclusive.   The  default  is inquired from gpg-agent.
              Note that not all values in the 1024-65011712  range  are  legal
              and  if an illegal value is selected, GnuPG will round up to the
              nearest legal value.  This option is only meaningful  if  --s2k-
              mode is set to the default of 3.

   Compliance options

       These options control what GnuPG is compliant to. Only one of these op-
       tions may be active at a time. Note that the default setting of this is
       nearly  always  the  correct  one.  See the INTEROPERABILITY WITH OTHER
       OPENPGP PROGRAMS section below before using one of these options.

       --gnupg
              Use standard GnuPG behavior. This is essentially OpenPGP  behav-
              ior  (see  --openpgp),  but with some additional workarounds for
              common compatibility problems in different versions of PGP. This
              is the default option, so it is not generally needed, but it may
              be useful to override  a  different  compliance  option  in  the
              gpg.conf file.

       --openpgp
              Reset  all  packet,  cipher and digest options to strict OpenPGP
              behavior. Use this option to reset  all  previous  options  like
              --s2k-*,  --cipher-algo,  --digest-algo  and  --compress-algo to
              OpenPGP compliant values. All PGP workarounds are disabled.

       --rfc4880
              Reset all packet, cipher and digest options to  strict  RFC-4880
              behavior.  Note  that  this  is  currently  the  same  thing  as
              --openpgp.

       --rfc4880bis
              Enable experimental features from proposed updates to  RFC-4880.
              This  option can be used in addition to the other compliance op-
              tions.  Warning: The behavior may change with any GnuPG  release
              and  created  keys  or  data may not be usable with future GnuPG
              versions.

       --rfc2440
              Reset all packet, cipher and digest options to  strict  RFC-2440
              behavior.  Note that by using this option encryption packets are
              created in a legacy mode without MDC protection.  This  is  dan-
              gerous  and  should thus only be used for experiments.  See also
              option --ignore-mdc-error.

       --pgp6 Set up all options to be as PGP 6 compliant  as  possible.  This
              restricts  you  to  the  ciphers IDEA (if the IDEA plugin is in-
              stalled), 3DES, and CAST5, the hashes MD5, SHA1  and  RIPEMD160,
              and  the compression algorithms none and ZIP. This also disables
              --throw-keyids, and making signatures with  signing  subkeys  as
              PGP 6 does not understand signatures made by signing subkeys.

              This option implies --escape-from-lines.

       --pgp7 Set up all options to be as PGP 7 compliant as possible. This is
              identical to --pgp6 except that MDCs are not disabled,  and  the
              list  of  allowable  ciphers  is expanded to add AES128, AES192,
              AES256, and TWOFISH.

       --pgp8 Set up all options to be as PGP 8 compliant as possible.  PGP  8
              is  a  lot closer to the OpenPGP standard than previous versions
              of PGP, so all this does is disable --throw-keyids and set --es-
              cape-from-lines.   All  algorithms  are  allowed  except for the
              SHA224, SHA384, and SHA512 digests.

       --compliance string
              This option can be used instead of one  of  the  options  above.
              Valid  values for string are the above option names (without the
              double dash) and possibly others as shown when using "help"  for
              value.

   Doing things one usually doesn't want to do

       -n
       --dry-run
              Don't make any changes (this is not completely implemented).

       --list-only
              Changes  the  behaviour of some commands. This is like --dry-run
              but different in some cases. The semantic of this option may  be
              extended  in  the future. Currently it only skips the actual de-
              cryption pass and therefore enables a fast listing  of  the  en-
              cryption keys.

       -i
       --interactive
              Prompt before overwriting any files.

       --debug-level level
              Select  the debug level for investigating problems. level may be
              a numeric value or by a keyword:

              none   No debugging at all.  A value of less than 1 may be  used
                     instead of the keyword.

              basic  Some  basic  debug messages.  A value between 1 and 2 may
                     be used instead of the keyword.

              advanced
                     More verbose debug messages.  A value between 3 and 5 may
                     be used instead of the keyword.

              expert Even more detailed messages.  A value between 6 and 8 may
                     be used instead of the keyword.

              guru   All of the debug messages you can get.  A  value  greater
                     than  8 may be used instead of the keyword.  The creation
                     of hash tracing files is only enabled if the  keyword  is
                     used.

       How  these  messages  are  mapped  to the actual debugging flags is not
       specified and may change with newer releases of this program. They  are
       however carefully selected to best aid in debugging.

       --debug flags
              Set  debugging flags. All flags are or-ed and flags may be given
              in C syntax (e.g. 0x0042) or as a comma separated list  of  flag
              names.   To  get  a  list of all supported flags the single word
              "help" can be used.

       --debug-all
              Set all useful debugging flags.

       --debug-iolbf
              Set stdout into line buffered mode.  This option is only honored
              when given on the command line.

       --faked-system-time epoch
              This  option is only useful for testing; it sets the system time
              back or forth to epoch which is the number  of  seconds  elapsed
              since the year 1970.  Alternatively epoch may be given as a full
              ISO time string (e.g. "20070924T154812").

              If you suffix epoch with an exclamation  mark  (!),  the  system
              time will appear to be frozen at the specified time.

       --enable-progress-filter
              Enable  certain  PROGRESS  status  outputs.  This  option allows
              frontends to display a progress indicator while gpg is  process-
              ing  larger files.  There is a slight performance overhead using
              it.

       --status-fd n
              Write special status strings to the file descriptor n.  See  the
              file DETAILS in the documentation for a listing of them.

       --status-file file
              Same  as  --status-fd, except the status data is written to file
              file.

       --logger-fd n
              Write log output to file descriptor n and not to STDERR.

       --log-file file
       --logger-file file
              Same as --logger-fd, except the logger data is written  to  file
              file.   Use  'socket://'  to log to a socket.  Note that in this
              version of gpg the option has only an effect if --batch is  also
              used.

       --attribute-fd n
              Write  attribute  subpackets  to  the file descriptor n. This is
              most useful for use with --status-fd, since the status  messages
              are  needed  to  separate  out  the  various subpackets from the
              stream delivered to the file descriptor.

       --attribute-file file
              Same as --attribute-fd, except the attribute data is written  to
              file file.

       --comment string
       --no-comments
              Use string as a comment string in cleartext signatures and ASCII
              armored messages or keys (see --armor). The default behavior  is
              not  to use a comment string. --comment may be repeated multiple
              times to get multiple comment strings. --no-comments removes all
              comments.  It is a good idea to keep the length of a single com-
              ment below 60 characters to avoid problems  with  mail  programs
              wrapping  such  lines.   Note that comment lines, like all other
              header lines, are not protected by the signature.

       --emit-version
       --no-emit-version
              Force inclusion of the version string in ASCII  armored  output.
              If  given once only the name of the program and the major number
              is emitted, given twice the minor is also emitted, given  thrice
              the  micro  is  added,  and given four times an operating system
              identification is  also  emitted.   --no-emit-version  (default)
              disables the version line.

       --sig-notation {name=value}
       --cert-notation {name=value}
       -N, --set-notation {name=value}
              Put  the  name  value  pair into the signature as notation data.
              name must consist only of printable characters  or  spaces,  and
              must  contain  a  '@' character in the form keyname@domain.exam-
              ple.com (substituting the appropriate keyname and  domain  name,
              of  course).   This is to help prevent pollution of the IETF re-
              served notation namespace. The --expert flag overrides  the  '@'
              check.  value may be any printable string; it will be encoded in
              UTF-8, so you should check that your  --display-charset  is  set
              correctly.  If you prefix name with an exclamation mark (!), the
              notation data will be flagged  as  critical  (rfc4880:5.2.3.16).
              --sig-notation sets a notation for data signatures. --cert-nota-
              tion sets a notation for key signatures (certifications). --set-
              notation sets both.

              There are special codes that may be used in notation names. "%k"
              will be expanded into the key ID of the key being  signed,  "%K"
              into the long key ID of the key being signed, "%f" into the fin-
              gerprint of the key being signed, "%s" into the key  ID  of  the
              key  making  the signature, "%S" into the long key ID of the key
              making the signature, "%g" into the fingerprint of the key  mak-
              ing  the signature (which might be a subkey), "%p" into the fin-
              gerprint of the primary key of the  key  making  the  signature,
              "%c"  into  the  signature count from the OpenPGP smartcard, and
              "%%" results in a single "%". %k, %K, and %f are only meaningful
              when  making  a  key  signature  (certification), and %c is only
              meaningful when using the OpenPGP smartcard.

       --known-notation name
              Adds name to a list of known critical signature notations.   The
              effect  of  this  is  that  gpg will not mark a signature with a
              critical signature notation of that name as bad.  Note that  gpg
              already  knows  by default about a few critical signatures nota-
              tion names.

       --sig-policy-url string
       --cert-policy-url string
       --set-policy-url string
              Use string as a Policy URL  for  signatures  (rfc4880:5.2.3.20).
              If  you  prefix  it with an exclamation mark (!), the policy URL
              packet will be flagged as critical. --sig-policy-url sets a pol-
              icy url for data signatures. --cert-policy-url sets a policy url
              for key signatures (certifications). --set-policy-url sets both.

              The same %-expandos used for notation data are available here as
              well.

       --sig-keyserver-url string
              Use  string as a preferred keyserver URL for data signatures. If
              you prefix it with an exclamation mark (!),  the  keyserver  URL
              packet will be flagged as critical.

              The same %-expandos used for notation data are available here as
              well.

       --set-filename string
              Use string as the filename  which  is  stored  inside  messages.
              This  overrides the default, which is to use the actual filename
              of the file being encrypted.  Using the empty string for  string
              effectively removes the filename from the output.

       --for-your-eyes-only
       --no-for-your-eyes-only
              Set  the  `for  your eyes only' flag in the message. This causes
              GnuPG to refuse to save the file unless the --output  option  is
              given,  and PGP to use a "secure viewer" with a claimed Tempest-
              resistant font to display the  message.  This  option  overrides
              --set-filename.  --no-for-your-eyes-only disables this option.

       --use-embedded-filename
       --no-use-embedded-filename
              Try  to  create a file with a name as embedded in the data. This
              can be a dangerous option as it enables overwriting files.   De-
              faults  to no.  Note that the option --output overrides this op-
              tion.

       --cipher-algo name
              Use name as cipher algorithm. Running the program with the  com-
              mand --version yields a list of supported algorithms. If this is
              not used the cipher algorithm is selected from  the  preferences
              stored with the key. In general, you do not want to use this op-
              tion as it allows you to violate the OpenPGP  standard.   --per-
              sonal-cipher-preferences  is the safe way to accomplish the same
              thing.

       --digest-algo name
              Use name as the message digest algorithm.  Running  the  program
              with  the  command  --version  yields  a list of supported algo-
              rithms. In general, you do not want to use this option as it al-
              lows  you  to  violate  the OpenPGP standard. --personal-digest-
              preferences is the safe way to accomplish the same thing.

       --compress-algo name
              Use compression algorithm name. "zlib" is RFC-1950 ZLIB compres-
              sion.  "zip"  is  RFC-1951 ZIP compression which is used by PGP.
              "bzip2" is a more modern compression scheme  that  can  compress
              some  things  better  than  zip or zlib, but at the cost of more
              memory used during compression and decompression. "uncompressed"
              or  "none" disables compression. If this option is not used, the
              default behavior is to examine the recipient key preferences  to
              see  which algorithms the recipient supports. If all else fails,
              ZIP is used for maximum compatibility.

              ZLIB may give better compression results than ZIP, as  the  com-
              pression  window  size is not limited to 8k. BZIP2 may give even
              better compression results than that, but will  use  a  signifi-
              cantly larger amount of memory while compressing and decompress-
              ing. This may be significant in  low  memory  situations.  Note,
              however,  that PGP (all versions) only supports ZIP compression.
              Using any algorithm other than ZIP or "none" will make the  mes-
              sage  unreadable  with  PGP.  In general, you do not want to use
              this option as it allows you to violate  the  OpenPGP  standard.
              --personal-compress-preferences  is  the  safe way to accomplish
              the same thing.

       --cert-digest-algo name
              Use name as the message digest algorithm  used  when  signing  a
              key.  Running  the  program  with the command --version yields a
              list of supported algorithms. Be aware that if you choose an al-
              gorithm that GnuPG supports but other OpenPGP implementations do
              not, then some users will not be able to use the key  signatures
              you make, or quite possibly your entire key.

       --disable-cipher-algo name
              Never allow the use of name as cipher algorithm.  The given name
              will not be checked so that a later loaded algorithm will  still
              get disabled.

       --disable-pubkey-algo name
              Never  allow the use of name as public key algorithm.  The given
              name will not be checked so that a later loaded  algorithm  will
              still get disabled.

       --throw-keyids
       --no-throw-keyids
              Do  not  put the recipient key IDs into encrypted messages. This
              helps to hide the receivers of the  message  and  is  a  limited
              countermeasure against traffic analysis. ([Using a little social
              engineering anyone who is able to decrypt the message can  check
              whether  one  of  the other recipients is the one he suspects.])
              On the receiving side, it may slow down the  decryption  process
              because  all  available  secret keys must be tried.  --no-throw-
              keyids disables this option. This option is essentially the same
              as using --hidden-recipient for all recipients.

       --not-dash-escaped
              This option changes the behavior of cleartext signatures so that
              they can be used for patch files. You should not  send  such  an
              armored  file  via email because all spaces and line endings are
              hashed too. You can not use this option for  data  which  has  5
              dashes  at the beginning of a line, patch files don't have this.
              A special armor header line tells  GnuPG  about  this  cleartext
              signature option.

       --escape-from-lines
       --no-escape-from-lines
              Because  some  mailers  change  lines  starting  with "From " to
              ">From " it is good to handle such lines in a special  way  when
              creating  cleartext  signatures  to prevent the mail system from
              breaking the signature. Note that all other PGP versions  do  it
              this  way  too.  Enabled by default. --no-escape-from-lines dis-
              ables this option.

       --passphrase-repeat n
              Specify how many times gpg will request a new passphrase be  re-
              peated.   This is useful for helping memorize a passphrase.  De-
              faults to 1 repetition.

       --passphrase-fd n
              Read the passphrase from file descriptor n. Only the first  line
              will  be  read  from  file descriptor n. If you use 0 for n, the
              passphrase will be read from STDIN. This can  only  be  used  if
              only one passphrase is supplied.

              Note  that since Version 2.0 this passphrase is only used if the
              option --batch has  also  been  given.  Since  Version  2.1  the
              --pinentry-mode also needs to be set to loopback.

       --passphrase-file file
              Read  the passphrase from file file. Only the first line will be
              read from  file  file.  This  can  only  be  used  if  only  one
              passphrase is supplied. Obviously, a passphrase stored in a file
              is of questionable security if other users can read  this  file.
              Don't use this option if you can avoid it.

              Note  that since Version 2.0 this passphrase is only used if the
              option --batch has  also  been  given.  Since  Version  2.1  the
              --pinentry-mode also needs to be set to loopback.

       --passphrase string
              Use  string as the passphrase. This can only be used if only one
              passphrase is supplied. Obviously, this is of very  questionable
              security  on  a  multi-user system. Don't use this option if you
              can avoid it.

              Note that since Version 2.0 this passphrase is only used if  the
              option  --batch  has  also  been  given.  Since  Version 2.1 the
              --pinentry-mode also needs to be set to loopback.

       --pinentry-mode mode
              Set the pinentry mode to mode.  Allowed values for mode are:

              default
                     Use the default of the agent, which is ask.

              ask    Force the use of the Pinentry.

              cancel Emulate use of Pinentry's cancel button.

              error  Return a Pinentry error (``No Pinentry'').

              loopback
                     Redirect Pinentry queries to the caller.   Note  that  in
                     contrast to Pinentry the user is not prompted again if he
                     enters a bad password.

       --no-symkey-cache
              Disable the passphrase cache used for symmetrical  en-  and  de-
              cryption.   This  cache  is  based  on the message specific salt
              value (cf. --s2k-mode).

       --request-origin origin
              Tell gpg to assume that the operation ultimately  originated  at
              origin.   Depending  on  the origin certain restrictions are ap-
              plied and the Pinentry may include an extra note on the  origin.
              Supported values for origin are: local which is the default, re-
              mote to indicate a remote origin or browser for an operation re-
              quested by a web browser.

       --command-fd n
              This is a replacement for the deprecated shared-memory IPC mode.
              If this option is enabled, user input on questions  is  not  ex-
              pected  from  the  TTY  but  from  the given file descriptor. It
              should be used together with --status-fd. See the  file  doc/DE-
              TAILS in the source distribution for details on how to use it.

       --command-file file
              Same  as  --command-fd, except the commands are read out of file
              file

       --allow-non-selfsigned-uid
       --no-allow-non-selfsigned-uid
              Allow the import and use of keys with user  IDs  which  are  not
              self-signed.  This is not recommended, as a non self-signed user
              ID is trivial to forge. --no-allow-non-selfsigned-uid disables.

       --allow-freeform-uid
              Disable all checks on the form of the user ID while generating a
              new  one.  This option should only be used in very special envi-
              ronments as it does not ensure the de-facto standard  format  of
              user IDs.

       --ignore-time-conflict
              GnuPG  normally  checks that the timestamps associated with keys
              and signatures have plausible values. However, sometimes a  sig-
              nature  seems  to  be  older than the key due to clock problems.
              This option makes these checks just a warning.  See  also  --ig-
              nore-valid-from for timestamp issues on subkeys.

       --ignore-valid-from
              GnuPG  normally  does  not select and use subkeys created in the
              future.  This option allows the use of such keys  and  thus  ex-
              hibits  the  pre-1.0.7 behaviour. You should not use this option
              unless there is some clock problem. See also  --ignore-time-con-
              flict for timestamp issues with signatures.

       --ignore-crc-error
              The  ASCII  armor used by OpenPGP is protected by a CRC checksum
              against transmission errors. Occasionally the CRC  gets  mangled
              somewhere  on  the  transmission  channel but the actual content
              (which is protected by the OpenPGP  protocol  anyway)  is  still
              okay. This option allows GnuPG to ignore CRC errors.

       --ignore-mdc-error
              This  option  changes  a MDC integrity protection failure into a
              warning.  It is required to decrypt old messages which  did  not
              use  an  MDC.   It  may also be useful if a message is partially
              garbled, but it is necessary to get as much data as possible out
              of  that garbled message.  Be aware that a missing or failed MDC
              can be an indication of an attack.  Use with great caution;  see
              also option --rfc2440.

       --allow-weak-digest-algos
              Signatures  made  with known-weak digest algorithms are normally
              rejected with an ``invalid digest algorithm'' message.  This op-
              tion  allows  the verification of signatures made with such weak
              algorithms.  MD5 is the only digest algorithm considered weak by
              default.   See  also  --weak-digest to reject other digest algo-
              rithms.

       --weak-digest name
              Treat the specified digest algorithm as weak.   Signatures  made
              over  weak digests algorithms are normally rejected. This option
              can be supplied multiple times if multiple algorithms should  be
              considered  weak.  See also --allow-weak-digest-algos to disable
              rejection of weak digests.  MD5 is always considered  weak,  and
              does not need to be listed explicitly.

       --allow-weak-key-signatures
              To  avoid  a  minor risk of collision attacks on third-party key
              signatures made using SHA-1, those key signatures are considered
              invalid.  This options allows to override this restriction.

       --no-default-keyring
              Do  not  add  the default keyrings to the list of keyrings. Note
              that GnuPG will not operate without any keyrings, so if you  use
              this  option and do not provide alternate keyrings via --keyring
              or --secret-keyring, then GnuPG will still use the default  pub-
              lic or secret keyrings.

       --no-keyring
              Do  not  use any keyring at all.  This overrides the default and
              all options which specify keyrings.

       --skip-verify
              Skip the signature verification step. This may be used  to  make
              the  decryption  faster  if  the  signature  verification is not
              needed.

       --with-key-data
              Print key listings delimited by colons (like --with-colons)  and
              print the public key data.

       --list-signatures
       --list-sigs
              Same  as  --list-keys,  but the signatures are listed too.  This
              command has the same effect as using  --list-keys  with  --with-
              sig-list.   Note  that in contrast to --check-signatures the key
              signatures are not verified.  This command can be used to create
              a  list  of signing keys missing in the local keyring; for exam-
              ple:

               gpg --list-sigs --with-colons USERID | \
                 awk -F: '$1=="sig" && $2=="?" {if($13){print $13}else{print $5}}'

       --fast-list-mode
              Changes the output of the list commands to work faster; this  is
              achieved  by  leaving  some parts empty. Some applications don't
              need the user ID and the trust information given  in  the  list-
              ings.  By  using this options they can get a faster listing. The
              exact behaviour of this option may change  in  future  versions.
              If you are missing some information, don't use this option.

       --no-literal
              This  is  not  for normal use. Use the source to see for what it
              might be useful.

       --set-filesize
              This is not for normal use. Use the source to see  for  what  it
              might be useful.

       --show-session-key
              Display  the  session  key used for one message. See --override-
              session-key for the counterpart of this option.

              We think that Key Escrow is a Bad Thing; however the user should
              have  the freedom to decide whether to go to prison or to reveal
              the content of one specific  message  without  compromising  all
              messages ever encrypted for one secret key.

              You can also use this option if you receive an encrypted message
              which is abusive or offensive, to prove to the administrators of
              the messaging system that the ciphertext transmitted corresponds
              to an inappropriate plaintext so they can  take  action  against
              the offending user.

       --override-session-key string
       --override-session-key-fd fd
              Don't  use  the public key but the session key string respective
              the session key taken from the first line  read  from  file  de-
              scriptor  fd.   The format of this string is the same as the one
              printed by --show-session-key. This option is normally not  used
              but comes handy in case someone forces you to reveal the content
              of an encrypted message; using this option you can do this with-
              out handing out the secret key.  Note that using --override-ses-
              sion-key may reveal the session key to all local users  via  the
              global process table.  Often it is useful to combine this option
              with --no-keyring.

       --ask-sig-expire
       --no-ask-sig-expire
              When making a data signature, prompt for an expiration time.  If
              this  option is not specified, the expiration time set via --de-
              fault-sig-expire is used. --no-ask-sig-expire disables this  op-
              tion.

       --default-sig-expire
              The  default  expiration  time  to use for signature expiration.
              Valid values are "0" for no expiration, a number followed by the
              letter  d  (for  days), w (for weeks), m (for months), or y (for
              years) (for example "2m"  for  two  months,  or  "5y"  for  five
              years),  or an absolute date in the form YYYY-MM-DD. Defaults to
              "0".

       --ask-cert-expire
       --no-ask-cert-expire
              When making a key signature, prompt for an expiration  time.  If
              this  option is not specified, the expiration time set via --de-
              fault-cert-expire is used.  --no-ask-cert-expire  disables  this
              option.

       --default-cert-expire
              The default expiration time to use for key signature expiration.
              Valid values are "0" for no expiration, a number followed by the
              letter  d  (for  days), w (for weeks), m (for months), or y (for
              years) (for example "2m"  for  two  months,  or  "5y"  for  five
              years),  or an absolute date in the form YYYY-MM-DD. Defaults to
              "0".

       --default-new-key-algo string
              This option can be used to change the default algorithms for key
              generation.  The string is similar to the arguments required for
              the command --quick-add-key but slightly different.  For example
              the  current  default  of  "rsa2048/cert,sign+rsa2048/encr"  (or
              "rsa3072") can be changed to the value of what we currently call
              future  default, which is "ed25519/cert,sign+cv25519/encr".  You
              need to consult the source code to learn the details.  Note that
              the advanced key generation commands can always be used to spec-
              ify a key algorithm directly.

       --allow-secret-key-import
              This is an obsolete option and is not used anywhere.

       --allow-multiple-messages

       --no-allow-multiple-messages
              Allow processing of multiple OpenPGP  messages  contained  in  a
              single file or stream.  Some programs that call GPG are not pre-
              pared to deal with multiple messages being  processed  together,
              so  this option defaults to no.  Note that versions of GPG prior
              to 1.4.7 always allowed multiple messages.

              Warning: Do not use this option unless you need it as  a  tempo-
              rary workaround!

       --enable-special-filenames
              This option enables a mode in which filenames of the form '-&n',
              where n is a non-negative decimal number, refer to the file  de-
              scriptor n and not to a file with that name.

       --no-expensive-trust-checks
              Experimental use only.

       --preserve-permissions
              Don't  change  the  permissions of a secret keyring back to user
              read/write only. Use this option only if you  really  know  what
              you are doing.

       --default-preference-list string
              Set  the  list of default preferences to string. This preference
              list is used for new keys and becomes the default for  "setpref"
              in the edit menu.

       --default-keyserver-url name
              Set  the  default  keyserver URL to name. This keyserver will be
              used as the keyserver URL when writing a new self-signature on a
              key, which includes key generation and changing preferences.

       --list-config
              Display various internal configuration parameters of GnuPG. This
              option is intended for external programs that call GnuPG to per-
              form  tasks,  and  is  thus  not  generally useful. See the file
              'doc/DETAILS' in the source  distribution  for  the  details  of
              which  configuration  items may be listed. --list-config is only
              usable with --with-colons set.

       --list-gcrypt-config
              Display various internal configuration parameters of Libgcrypt.

       --gpgconf-list
              This command is similar to --list-config but in general only in-
              ternally used by the gpgconf tool.

       --gpgconf-test
              This  is  more or less dummy action.  However it parses the con-
              figuration file and returns with failure  if  the  configuration
              file would prevent gpg from startup.  Thus it may be used to run
              a syntax check on the configuration file.

   Deprecated options

       --show-photos
       --no-show-photos
              Causes   --list-keys,   --list-signatures,   --list-public-keys,
              --list-secret-keys,  and  verifying  a signature to also display
              the photo ID attached to the key,  if  any.  See  also  --photo-
              viewer.   These   options  are  deprecated.  Use  --list-options
              [no-]show-photos and/or  --verify-options  [no-]show-photos  in-
              stead.

       --show-keyring
              Display  the  keyring  name  at the head of key listings to show
              which keyring a given key resides on. This option is deprecated:
              use --list-options [no-]show-keyring instead.

       --always-trust
              Identical to --trust-model always. This option is deprecated.

       --show-notation
       --no-show-notation
              Show  signature  notations  in the --list-signatures or --check-
              signatures listings as well as when verifying a signature with a
              notation in it. These options are deprecated. Use --list-options
              [no-]show-notation  and/or  --verify-options  [no-]show-notation
              instead.

       --show-policy-url
       --no-show-policy-url
              Show  policy URLs in the --list-signatures or --check-signatures
              listings as well as when verifying a signature with a policy URL
              in   it.   These  options  are  deprecated.  Use  --list-options
              [no-]show-policy-url and/or  --verify-options  [no-]show-policy-
              url instead.

EXAMPLES
       gpg -se -r Bob file
              sign and encrypt for user Bob

       gpg --clear-sign file
              make a cleartext signature

       gpg -sb file
              make a detached signature

       gpg -u 0x12345678 -sb file
              make a detached signature with the key 0x12345678

       gpg --list-keys user_ID
              show keys

       gpg --fingerprint user_ID
              show fingerprint

       gpg --verify pgpfile
       gpg --verify sigfile [datafile]
              Verify  the signature of the file but do not output the data un-
              less requested.  The second form is  used  for  detached  signa-
              tures, where sigfile is the detached signature (either ASCII ar-
              mored or binary) and datafile are the signed data;  if  this  is
              not  given, the name of the file holding the signed data is con-
              structed by cutting off the extension (".asc" or ".sig") of sig-
              file  or  by  asking  the  user for the filename.  If the option
              --output is also used the signed data is  written  to  the  file
              specified by that option; use - to write the signed data to std-
              out.

HOW TO SPECIFY A USER ID
       There are different ways to specify a user ID to GnuPG.  Some  of  them
       are only valid for gpg others are only good for gpgsm.  Here is the en-
       tire list of ways to specify a key:

       By key Id.
              This format is deduced from the length of  the  string  and  its
              content or 0x prefix. The key Id of an X.509 certificate are the
              low 64 bits of its SHA-1 fingerprint.  The use  of  key  Ids  is
              just  a  shortcut,  for all automated processing the fingerprint
              should be used.

              When using gpg an exclamation mark (!) may be appended to  force
              using  the specified primary or secondary key and not to try and
              calculate which primary or secondary key to use.

              The last four lines of the example give the key ID in their long
              form as internally used by the OpenPGP protocol. You can see the
              long key ID using the option --with-colons.

         234567C4
         0F34E556E
         01347A56A
         0xAB123456

         234AABBCC34567C4
         0F323456784E56EAB
         01AB3FED1347A5612
         0x234AABBCC34567C4

       By fingerprint.
              This format is deduced from the length of  the  string  and  its
              content  or  the 0x prefix.  Note, that only the 20 byte version
              fingerprint is available with gpgsm (i.e. the SHA-1 hash of  the
              certificate).

              When  using gpg an exclamation mark (!) may be appended to force
              using the specified primary or secondary key and not to try  and
              calculate which primary or secondary key to use.

              The  best  way  to specify a key Id is by using the fingerprint.
              This avoids any ambiguities in case that  there  are  duplicated
              key IDs.

         1234343434343434C434343434343434
         123434343434343C3434343434343734349A3434
         0E12343434343434343434EAB3484343434343434
         0xE12343434343434343434EAB3484343434343434

       gpgsm  also  accepts colons between each pair of hexadecimal digits be-
       cause this is the de-facto standard on how  to  present  X.509  finger-
       prints.   gpg  also allows the use of the space separated SHA-1 finger-
       print as printed by the key listing commands.

       By exact match on OpenPGP user ID.
              This is denoted by a leading equal sign. It does not make  sense
              for X.509 certificates.

         =Heinrich Heine <heinrichh@uni-duesseldorf.de>

       By exact match on an email address.
              This  is  indicated  by enclosing the email address in the usual
              way with left and right angles.

         <heinrichh@uni-duesseldorf.de>

       By partial match on an email address.
              This is indicated by prefixing the  search  string  with  an  @.
              This uses a substring search but considers only the mail address
              (i.e. inside the angle brackets).

         @heinrichh

       By exact match on the subject's DN.
              This is indicated by a leading slash, directly followed  by  the
              RFC-2253 encoded DN of the subject.  Note that you can't use the
              string printed by gpgsm --list-keys because that  one  has  been
              reordered and modified for better readability; use --with-colons
              to print the raw (but standard escaped) RFC-2253 string.

         /CN=Heinrich Heine,O=Poets,L=Paris,C=FR

       By exact match on the issuer's DN.
              This is indicated by a leading hash mark, directly followed by a
              slash  and  then directly followed by the RFC-2253 encoded DN of
              the issuer.  This should return the Root  cert  of  the  issuer.
              See note above.

         #/CN=Root Cert,O=Poets,L=Paris,C=FR

       By exact match on serial number and issuer's DN.
              This  is  indicated  by a hash mark, followed by the hexadecimal
              representation of the serial number, then followed  by  a  slash
              and the RFC-2253 encoded DN of the issuer. See note above.

         #4F03/CN=Root Cert,O=Poets,L=Paris,C=FR

       By keygrip.
              This  is indicated by an ampersand followed by the 40 hex digits
              of a keygrip.  gpgsm prints the keygrip when using  the  command
              --dump-cert.

         &D75F22C3F86E355877348498CDC92BD21010A480

       By substring match.
              This is the default mode but applications may want to explicitly
              indicate this by putting the asterisk in front.   Match  is  not
              case sensitive.

         Heine
         *Heine

       . and + prefixes
              These prefixes are reserved for looking up mails anchored at the
              end and for a word search mode.  They are  not  yet  implemented
              and using them is undefined.

              Please  note  that we have reused the hash mark identifier which
              was used in old GnuPG versions to indicate the so called  local-
              id.  It is not anymore used and there should be no conflict when
              used with X.509 stuff.

              Using the RFC-2253 format of DNs has the drawback that it is not
              possible  to  map them back to the original encoding, however we
              don't have to do this because our key database stores  this  en-
              coding as meta data.

FILTER EXPRESSIONS
       The  options  --import-filter  and --export-filter use expressions with
       this syntax (square brackets indicate an optional part and curly braces
       a repetition, white space between the elements are allowed):

                  [lc] {[{flag}] PROPNAME op VALUE [lc]}

       The  name  of a property (PROPNAME) may only consist of letters, digits
       and underscores.  The description for the filter type  describes  which
       properties  are defined.  If an undefined property is used it evaluates
       to the empty string.  Unless otherwise noted, the VALUE must always  be
       given  and  may not be the empty string.  No quoting is defined for the
       value, thus the value may not contain the strings && or ||,  which  are
       used  as  logical connection operators.  The flag -- can be used to re-
       move this restriction.

       Numerical values are computed as long int; standard C notation applies.
       lc  is  the logical connection operator; either && for a conjunction or
       || for a disjunction.  A conjunction is assumed at the begin of an  ex-
       pression.   Conjunctions  have higher precedence than disjunctions.  If
       VALUE starts with one of the characters used in any op  a  space  after
       the op is required.

       The supported operators (op) are:

       =~     Substring must match.

       !~     Substring must not match.

       =      The full string must match.

       <>     The full string must not match.

       ==     The numerical value must match.

       !=     The numerical value must not match.

       <=     The numerical value of the field must be LE than the value.

       <      The numerical value of the field must be LT than the value.

       >      The numerical value of the field must be GT than the value.

       >=     The numerical value of the field must be GE than the value.

       -le    The  string  value  of  the field must be less or equal than the
              value.

       -lt    The string value of the field must be less than the value.

       -gt    The string value of the field must be greater than the value.

       -ge    The string value of the field must be greater or equal than  the
              value.

       -n     True if value is not empty (no value allowed).

       -z     True if value is empty (no value allowed).

       -t     Alias for "PROPNAME != 0" (no value allowed).

       -f     Alias for "PROPNAME == 0" (no value allowed).

       Values for flag must be space separated.  The supported flags are:

       --     VALUE spans to the end of the expression.

       -c     The string match in this part is done case-sensitive.

       The  filter  options concatenate several specifications for a filter of
       the same type.  For example the four options in this example:

                 --import-filter keep-uid="uid =~ Alfa"
                 --import-filter keep-uid="&& uid !~ Test"
                 --import-filter keep-uid="|| uid =~ Alpha"
                 --import-filter keep-uid="uid !~ Test"

       which is equivalent to

                 --import-filter \
                  keep-uid="uid =~ Alfa" && uid !~ Test" || uid =~ Alpha" && "uid !~ Test"

       imports only the user ids of a key containing  the  strings  "Alfa"  or
       "Alpha" but not the string "test".

TRUST VALUES
       Trust  values  are used to indicate ownertrust and validity of keys and
       user IDs.  They are displayed with letters or strings:

       -
       unknown
              No ownertrust assigned / not yet calculated.

       e
       expired

              Trust calculation has failed; probably due to an expired key.

       q
       undefined, undef
              Not enough information for calculation.

       n
       never  Never trust this key.

       m
       marginal
              Marginally trusted.

       f
       full   Fully trusted.

       u
       ultimate
              Ultimately trusted.

       r
       revoked
              For validity only: the key or the user ID has been revoked.

       ?
       err    The program encountered an unknown trust value.

FILES
       There are a few configuration files to control certain aspects of gpg's
       operation.  Unless  noted, they are expected in the current home direc-
       tory (see: [option --homedir]).

       gpg.conf
              This is the standard configuration file read by gpg on  startup.
              It may contain any valid long option; the leading two dashes may
              not be entered and the option may not be abbreviated.  This  de-
              fault  name may be changed on the command line (see: [gpg-option
              --options]).  You should backup this file.

       Note that on larger installations, it is useful to put predefined files
       into the directory '/etc/skel/.gnupg' so that newly created users start
       up with a working configuration.  For existing  users  a  small  helper
       script is provided to create these files (see: [addgnupghome]).

       For internal purposes gpg creates and maintains a few other files; They
       all live in the current home directory (see: [option --homedir]).  Only
       the gpg program may modify these files.

       ~/.gnupg
              This  is the default home directory which is used if neither the
              environment variable  GNUPGHOME  nor  the  option  --homedir  is
              given.

       ~/.gnupg/pubring.gpg
              The public keyring.  You should backup this file.

       ~/.gnupg/pubring.gpg.lock
              The lock file for the public keyring.

       ~/.gnupg/pubring.kbx
              The  public  keyring  using  a  different  format.  This file is
              shared with gpgsm.  You should backup this file.

       ~/.gnupg/pubring.kbx.lock
              The lock file for 'pubring.kbx'.

       ~/.gnupg/secring.gpg
              A secret keyring as used by GnuPG versions before  2.1.   It  is
              not used by GnuPG 2.1 and later.

       ~/.gnupg/secring.gpg.lock
              The lock file for the secret keyring.

       ~/.gnupg/.gpg-v21-migrated
              File indicating that a migration to GnuPG 2.1 has been done.

       ~/.gnupg/trustdb.gpg
              The trust database.  There is no need to backup this file; it is
              better to backup the ownertrust values (see:  [option  --export-
              ownertrust]).

       ~/.gnupg/trustdb.gpg.lock
              The lock file for the trust database.

       ~/.gnupg/random_seed
              A file used to preserve the state of the internal random pool.

       ~/.gnupg/openpgp-revocs.d/
              This  is the directory where gpg stores pre-generated revocation
              certificates.  The file name corresponds to the OpenPGP  finger-
              print  of  the  respective key.  It is suggested to backup those
              certificates and if the primary private key is not stored on the
              disk to move them to an external storage device.  Anyone who can
              access theses files is able to  revoke  the  corresponding  key.
              You  may want to print them out.  You should backup all files in
              this directory and take care to keep this backup closed away.

       Operation is further controlled by a few environment variables:

       HOME   Used to locate the default home directory.

       GNUPGHOME
              If set directory used instead of "~/.gnupg".

       GPG_AGENT_INFO
              This variable is obsolete; it was used by GnuPG versions  before
              2.1.

       PINENTRY_USER_DATA
              This value is passed via gpg-agent to pinentry.  It is useful to
              convey extra information to a custom pinentry.

       COLUMNS
       LINES  Used to size some displays to the full size of the screen.

       LANGUAGE
              Apart from its use by GNU, it is used  in  the  W32  version  to
              override  the  language selection done through the Registry.  If
              used and set to a valid and available  language  name  (langid),
              the    file    with    the    translation    is    loaded   from
              gpgdir/gnupg.nls/langid.mo.  Here gpgdir is the directory out of
              which the gpg binary has been loaded.  If it can't be loaded the
              Registry is tried and as last resort the native  Windows  locale
              system is used.

       When  calling  the  gpg-agent  component gpg sends a set of environment
       variables to gpg-agent.  The names of these variables can be listed us-
       ing the command:

           gpg-connect-agent 'getinfo std_env_names' /bye | awk '$1=="D" {print $2}'

BUGS
       On older systems this program should be installed as setuid(root). This
       is necessary to lock memory pages. Locking memory  pages  prevents  the
       operating   system   from  writing  memory  pages  (which  may  contain
       passphrases or other sensitive material) to disk. If you get no warning
       message  about  insecure  memory your operating system supports locking
       without being root. The program drops root privileges as soon as locked
       memory is allocated.

       Note  also  that  some systems (especially laptops) have the ability to
       ``suspend to disk'' (also known as ``safe  sleep''  or  ``hibernate'').
       This  writes  all  memory to disk before going into a low power or even
       powered off mode.  Unless measures are taken in the operating system to
       protect  the  saved memory, passphrases or other sensitive material may
       be recoverable from it later.

       Before you report a bug you should first search the  mailing  list  ar-
       chives for similar problems and second check whether such a bug has al-
       ready been reported to our bug tracker at https://bugs.gnupg.org.

SEE ALSO
       gpgv(1), gpgsm(1), gpg-agent(1)

       The full documentation for this tool is maintained as a Texinfo manual.
       If  GnuPG and the info program are properly installed at your site, the
       command

         info gnupg

       should give you access to the complete manual including a  menu  struc-
       ture and an index.

GnuPG 2.2.19                      2019-11-23                            GPG(1)
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