fdp

DOT(1)                      General Commands Manual                     DOT(1)

NAME
       dot - filter for drawing directed graphs
       neato - filter for drawing undirected graphs
       twopi - filter for radial layouts of graphs
       circo - filter for circular layout of graphs
       fdp - filter for drawing undirected graphs
       sfdp - filter for drawing large undirected graphs
       patchwork - filter for squarified tree maps
       osage - filter for array-based layouts

SYNOPSIS
       dot [options] [files]
       neato [options] [files]
       twopi [options] [files]
       circo [options] [files]
       fdp [options] [files]
       sfdp [options] [files]
       patchwork [options] [files]
       osage [options] [files]

DESCRIPTION
       These  are a collection of programs for drawing graphs.  There is actu-
       ally only one main program; the specific layout algorithms  are  imple-
       mented  as  plugins.  Thus, they largely share all of the same command-
       line options.

       dot draws directed graphs.  It works well on  directed  acyclic  graphs
       and  other  graphs  that  can be drawn as hierarchies or have a natural
       ``flow.''

       neato draws undirected graphs using a ``spring'' model and reducing the
       related  energy  (see  Kamada and Kawai, Information Processing Letters
       31:1, April 1989).

       twopi draws graphs using a radial layout (see G.  Wills,  Symposium  on
       Graph  Drawing  GD'97, September, 1997).  Basically, one node is chosen
       as the center and put at the origin.  The remaining nodes are placed on
       a  sequence  of  concentric  circles  centered about the origin, each a
       fixed radial distance from the previous circle.  All nodes  distance  1
       from  the  center  are placed on the first circle; all nodes distance 1
       from a node on the first circle are placed on the second circle; and so
       forth.

       circo  draws graphs using a circular layout (see Six and Tollis, GD '99
       and ALENEX '99, and Kaufmann and Wiese, GD '02.)  The  tool  identifies
       biconnected  components  and draws the nodes of the component on a cir-
       cle. The block-cutpoint tree is then laid out using a recursive  radial
       algorithm.  Edge  crossings within a circle are minimized by placing as
       many edges on the circle's perimeter as possible.   In  particular,  if
       the  component is outerplanar, the component will have a planar layout.
       If a node belongs to multiple non-trivial biconnected  components,  the
       layout puts the node in one of them. By default, this is the first non-
       trivial component found in the search from the root component.

       fdp draws undirected graphs using a ``spring'' model. It  relies  on  a
       force-directed  approach in the spirit of Fruchterman and Reingold (cf.
       Software-Practice & Experience 21(11), 1991, pp. 1129-1164).

       sfdp also draws undirected graphs using the ``spring'' model  described
       above,  but  it uses a multi-scale approach to produce layouts of large
       graphs in a reasonably short time.

       patchwork draws the graph as a squarified treemap (see M. Bruls et al.,
       ``Squarified  treemaps'',  Proc. Joint Eurographics and IEEE TCVG Symp.
       on Visualization, 2000, pp. 33-42). The clusters of the graph are  used
       to specify the tree.

       osage draws the graph using its cluster structure. For a given cluster,
       each of its subclusters is laid out internally.  Then the  subclusters,
       plus  any remaining nodes, are repositioned based on the cluster's pack
       and packmode attributes.

OUTPUT FORMATS
       Graphviz uses an extensible plugin mechanism for its output  renderers,
       so to see what output formats your installation of dot supports you can
       use ``dot -T:'' and check the warning message.  Also, The plugin mecha-
       nism  supports multiple implementations of the output formats, allowing
       variations in the renderers and formatters.  To see what  variants  are
       available  for  a  particular  output  format,  use, for example: ``dot
       -Tpng:'' and to force a particular variant,  use,  for  example:  ``dot
       -Tpng:gd''

       Traditionally, Graphviz supports the following:
       -Tdot (Dot format containing layout information),
       -Txdot (Dot format containing complete layout information),
       -Tps (PostScript),
       -Tpdf (PDF),
       -Tsvg -Tsvgz (Structured Vector Graphics),
       -Tfig (XFIG graphics),
       -Tpng (png bitmap graphics),
       -Tgif (gif bitmap graphics),
       -Tjpg -Tjpeg (jpeg bitmap graphics),
       -Tjson (xdot information encoded in JSON),
       -Timap (imagemap files for httpd servers for each node or edge that has
       a non-null href attribute.),
       -Tcmapx (client-side imagemap for use in html and xhtml).
       Additional less common or more special-purpose output  formats  can  be
       found at //http://www.graphviz.org/content/output-formats.

       Alternative  plugins providing support for a given output format can be
       found from the error message resulting from appending a ':' to the for-
       mat. e.g. -Tpng: The first plugin listed is always the default.

       The  -P  switch  can  be used to produce a graph of all output variants
       supported by plugins in the local installation of graphviz.

GRAPH FILE LANGUAGE
       Here is a synopsis of the graph file language, normally using  the  ex-
       tension .gv, for graphs:

       [strict] (graph|digraph) name { statement-list }
       is the top-level graph. If the graph is strict, then multiple edges are
       not allowed between the same pairs of  nodes.   If  it  is  a  directed
       graph,  indicated by digraph, then the edgeop must be "->". If it is an
       undirected graph then the edgeop must be "--".

       Statements may be:

       name=val;
       node [name=val];
       edge [name=val];
       Set default graph, node, or edge attribute name to val.  Any  subgraph,
       node, or edge appearing after this inherits the new default attributes.

       n0 [name0=val0,name1=val1,...];
       Creates  node n0 (if it does not already exist) and sets its attributes
       according to the optional list.

       n0 edgeop n1 edgeop ... edgeop nn [name0=val0,name1=val1,...];
       Creates edges between nodes n0, n1, ..., nn and sets  their  attributes
       according to the optional list.  Creates nodes as necessary.

       [subgraph name] { statement-list }
       Creates  a  subgraph.  Subgraphs may be used in place of n0, ..., nn in
       the above statements to create edges.  [subgraph name] is optional;  if
       missing, the subgraph is assigned an internal name.

       The language accepts both C-style comments /*C...*/ or //...

       Attribute names and values are ordinary (C-style) strings.  The follow-
       ing sections describe attributes that control graph layout.

       A  more  complete  description  of  the  language  can  be   found   at
       http://www.graphviz.org/content/dot-language.

GRAPH, NODE AND EDGE ATTRIBUTES
       Graphviz uses the name=value attributes, attached to graphs, subgraphs,
       nodes and edges, to tailor the layout and rendering. We list  the  more
       prominent   attributes   below.  The  complete  list  is  available  at
       http://www.graphviz.org/content/attrs.

  Attributes Common to Nodes, Edges, Clusters and Graphs
       href=url the default url for image map files; in PostScript files,  the
       base  URL for all relative URLs, as recognized by Acrobat Distiller 3.0
       and up.

       URL=url (``URL'' is a synonym for ``href.'')

       fontcolor=colorvalue sets the label text color.

       A colorvalue may be  "h,s,v"  (hue,  saturation,  brightness)  floating
       point  numbers  between  0  and  1, or an X11 color name such as white,
       black, red, green, blue, yellow, magenta, or cyan, or a "#rrggbb" (red,
       green,     blue,     2     hex    characters    each)    value.     See
       http://www.graphviz.org/content/attrs#kcolor                        and
       http://www.graphviz.org/content/color-names for further details.

       fontsize=n sets the label type size to n points.

       fontname=name sets the label font family name.

       label=text  where  text  may include escaped newlines \n, \l, or \r for
       center, left, and right justified lines.  The string '\G' value will be
       replaced  by  the  graph  name.  For node labels, the string '\N' value
       will be replaced by the node name.  For edges, if the substring '\T' is
       found  in a label, it will be replaced by the name of the tail node; if
       the substring '\H' is found in a label, it will be replaced by the name
       of  the  head  node; if the substring '\E' value is found in a label it
       will   be   replaced   by:   tail_node_name->head_node_name   or    by:
       tail_node_name--head_node_name for undirected graphs.

       Graphviz  also  supports special HTML-like labels for constructing com-
       plex  node  content.  A  full-description  of   these   is   given   at
       http://www.graphviz.org/content/node-shapes#html.

       If  a  node has shape=record, the label may contain recursive box lists
       delimited by { | }.  Port identifiers in labels are set  off  by  angle
       brackets < >.

  Graph Attributes
       size="x,y" specifies the maximum bounding box of drawing in inches.

       ratio=f  sets  the aspect ratio to f which may be a floating point num-
       ber, or one of the keywords fill, compress, or auto.

       layout=engine indicates the preferred layout engine (dot,  neato,  fdp,
       etc.) overriding the default from the basename of the command or the -K
       commandline option.

       margin=f sets the page margin (included in the page size).

       ordering=out constrains order of out-edges in a subgraph  according  to
       their file sequence.

       rotate=90  sets landscape mode.  (orientation=land is backward compati-
       ble but obsolete.)

       center=n a non-zero value centers the drawing on the page.

       color=colorvalue sets foreground color (bgcolor for background).

       overlap=mode. This specifies what algorithm  should  do  if  any  nodes
       overlap.  If mode is false, the program uses the Prism algorithm to ad-
       just the nodes to eliminate overlaps. If mode is scale, the  layout  is
       uniformly scaled up, preserving node sizes, until nodes no longer over-
       lap. The latter technique removes overlaps  while  preserving  symmetry
       and structure, while the former removes overlaps more compactly but de-
       stroys symmetries.  If mode is true (the default), no repositioning  is
       done.   Since  the  dot algorithm always produces a layout with no node
       overlaps, this attribute is only useful with other layouts.

       stylesheet="file.css" includes a reference to a stylesheet in -Tsvg and
       -Tsvgz outputs.  Ignored by other formats.

       splines  If  set  to true, edges are drawn as splines.  If set to poly-
       line, edges are drawn as polylines.  If set to ortho, edges  are  drawn
       as  orthogonal  polylines.   In  all of these cases, the nodes must not
       overlap.  If splines=false or splines=line, edges  are  drawn  as  line
       segments.   The  default  is true for dot, and false for all other lay-
       outs.

       (dot-specific attributes)

       nodesep=f sets the minimum separation between nodes.

       ranksep=f sets the minimum separation between ranks.

       rankdir=LR|RL|BT requests a left-to-right, right-to-left, or bottom-to-
       top, drawing.

       rank=same  (or min or max) in a subgraph constrains the rank assignment
       of its nodes.   If a subgraph's name has the prefix cluster, its  nodes
       are  drawn  in  a  distinct  rectangle  of the layout.  Clusters may be
       nested.

       (neato-specific attributes)
       mode=val.  Algorithm for minimizing energy in the layout.  By  default,
       neato uses stress majorization. If mode=KK, it uses a version of gradi-
       ent descent.

       model=val.  The neato model computes the desired distances between  all
       pairs of vertices. By default, it uses the length of the shortest path.
       If model is set to circuit, a circuit-resistance  model  is  used.   If
       model  is set to subset, it uses a model whereby the edge length is the
       number of nodes that are neighbors of exactly one of  the  edge's  ver-
       tices.

       start=val.  Requests random initial placement and seeds the random num-
       ber generator.  If val is not an integer, the  process  ID  or  current
       time is used as the seed.

       epsilon=n.  Sets the cutoff for the solver.  The default is 0.1.

       (twopi-specific attributes)
       root=ctr.  This specifies the node to be used as the center of the lay-
       out. If not specified, twopi will randomly pick one of the  nodes  that
       are furthest from a leaf node, where a leaf node is a node of degree 1.
       If no leaf nodes exists, an arbitrary node is picked as center.

       ranksep=val. Specifies the radial distance in inches  between  the  se-
       quence of rings. The default is 0.75.

       (circo-specific attributes)
       root=nodename.  Specifies  the  name  of  a  node occurring in the root
       block. If the graph is disconnected, the root  node  attribute  can  be
       used to specify additional root blocks.

       mindist=value.  Sets  the  minimum separation between all nodes. If not
       specified then circo uses a default value of 1.0.

       (fdp-specific attributes)
       K=val. Sets the default ideal node separation in the layout.

       maxiter=val. Sets the maximum number of iterations used to  layout  the
       graph.

       start=val. Adjusts the random initial placement of nodes with no speci-
       fied position.  If val is is an integer, it is used as the seed for the
       random  number  generator.   If val is not an integer, a random system-
       generated integer, such as the process ID or current time, is  used  as
       the seed.

  Node Attributes
       height=d  or  width=d  sets  minimum  height  or  width.  Adding fixed-
       size=true forces these to be the actual size (text labels are ignored).

       shape=builtin_polygon record epsf
       builtin_polygon can be such values as plaintext, ellipse, oval, circle,
       egg,  triangle, box, diamond, trapezium, parallelogram, house, hexagon,
       octagon, note, tab, box3d, or component,, among others.  (Polygons  are
       defined  or modified by the following node attributes: regular, periph-
       eries, sides, orientation, distortion and skew.)  epsf uses the  node's
       shapefile attribute as the path name of an external EPSF file to be au-
       tomatically loaded for the node shape.

       See http://www.graphviz.org/content/node-shapes for a complete descrip-
       tion of node shapes.

       color=colorvalue  sets the outline color, and the default fill color if
       style=filled and fillcolor is not specified.

       fillcolor=colorvalue sets the fill color  when  style=filled.   If  not
       specified,  the  fillcolor when style=filled defaults to be the same as
       the outline color.

       style=filled solid dashed dotted bold invis

       xlabel="text" specifies a label that will be place near,  but  outside,
       of a node. The normal label string is placed within the node shape.

       target="target"  is  a target string for client-side imagemaps and SVG,
       effective when nodes have a URL.  The target string is used  to  deter-
       mine  which  window  of the browser is used for the URL.  Setting it to
       "_graphviz" will open a new window if it doesn't already exist, or  re-
       use it if it does.  If the target string is empty, the default, then no
       target attribute is included in the output.  The  substrings  '\N'  and
       '\G'  are  substituted  in the same manner as for the node label attri-
       bute.  Additionally the substring '\L' is substituted with the node la-
       bel string.

       tooltip="text"  is  a tooltip string for client-side imagemaps and SVG,
       effective when nodes have a URL.  The tooltip string defaults to be the
       same  as the label string, but this attribute permits nodes without la-
       bels to still have tooltips thus permitting denser  graphs.   The  sub-
       strings  '\N'  and  '\G'  are substituted in the same manner as for the
       node label attribute.  Additionally the substring '\L'  is  substituted
       with the node label string.

       The following attributes apply only to polygon shape nodes:

       regular=n  if n is non-zero then the polygon is made regular, i.e. sym-
       metric about the x and y axis, otherwise the polygon takes on  the  as-
       pect ratio of the label.  builtin_polygons that are not already regular
       are made regular by this attribute.  builtin_polygons that are  already
       regular are not affected (i.e.  they cannot be made asymmetric).

       peripheries=n sets the number of periphery lines drawn around the poly-
       gon.   This  value  supersedes  the  number  of  periphery   lines   of
       builtin_polygons.

       sides=n  sets the number of sides to the polygon. n<3 results in an el-
       lipse.  This attribute is ignored by builtin_polygons.

       orientation=f sets the orientation of the first  apex  of  the  polygon
       counterclockwise  from  the  vertical, in degrees.  f may be a floating
       point number.  The orientation of labels is not affected by this attri-
       bute.    This   attribute  is  added  to  the  initial  orientation  of
       builtin_polygons.

       distortion=f sets the amount of broadening of the top and narrowing  of
       the  bottom  of  the  polygon  (relative to its orientation).  Floating
       point values between -1 and +1 are suggested.  This  attribute  is  ig-
       nored by builtin_polygons.

       skew=f  sets  the amount of right-displacement of the top and left-dis-
       placement of the bottom of the polygon (relative to  its  orientation).
       Floating  point values between -1 and +1 are suggested.  This attribute
       is ignored by builtin_polygons.

       (circo-specific attributes)
       root=true/false. This specifies that the  block  containing  the  given
       node be treated as the root of the spanning tree in the layout.

       (neato- and fdp-specific attributes)
       pin=val. If val is true, the node will remain at its initial position.

  Edge Attributes
       weight=val where val is the cost of the edge.  For dot, weights must be
       non-negative integers.  Values greater than 1 tend to shorten the edge;
       weight 0 flat edges are ignored for ordering nodes.  In twopi, a weight
       of 0 will cause the edge to be ignored in constructing  the  underlying
       spanning tree. For neato and fdp, a heavier weight will put more empha-
       sis on the algorithm achieving an edge length closer to that  specified
       by the edge's len attribute.

       style=solid dashed dotted bold invis

       color=colorvalue sets the line color for edges.

       color=colorvaluelist  a ':' separated list of colorvalue creates paral-
       lel edges, one edge for each color.

       dir=forward back both none controls arrow direction.

       tailclip,headclip=false disables endpoint shape clipping.

       target="text" is a target string for client-side imagemaps and SVG, ef-
       fective  when edges have a URL.  If the target string is empty, the de-
       fault, then no target attribute is included in the  output.   The  sub-
       strings '\T', '\H', '\E' and '\G' are substituted in the same manner as
       for the edge label attribute.  Additionally the substring '\L' is  sub-
       stituted with the edge label string.

       tooltip="text"  is a tooltip string for client-side imagemaps effective
       when edges have a URL.  The tooltip string defaults to be the  same  as
       the  edge  label  string.  The substrings '\T', '\H', '\E' and '\G' are
       substituted in the same manner as for the edge label attribute.   Addi-
       tionally the substring '\L' is substituted with the edge label string.

       arrowhead,arrowtail=none, normal, inv, dot, odot, invdot, invodot, tee,
       empty, invempty, open, halfopen, diamond, odiamond,  box,  obox,  crow.
       Specifies  the  shape of the glyph occurring where the edge touches the
       head or tail node, respectively. Note  that  this  only  specifies  the
       shape. The dir attribute determines whether or not the glyph is drawn.

       arrowsize=val  specifies  a multiplicative scale factor for the size of
       the arrowhead.  inv_length=6,inv_width=7,dot_radius=2)

       headlabel,taillabel=text for labels appearing near the  head  and  tail
       nodes  of  an  edge.   labelfontcolor, labelfontname, labelfontsize for
       head and tail labels.  The substrings '\T', '\H',  '\E'  and  '\G'  are
       substituted  in the same manner as for the edge label attribute.  Addi-
       tionally the substring '\L' is substituted with the edge label string.

       headhref="url" sets the url for the head port in  imagemap,  PostScript
       and  SVG  files.   The substrings '\T', '\H', '\E' and '\G' are substi-
       tuted in the same manner as for the edge label attribute.  Additionally
       the substring '\L' is substituted with the edge label string.

       headURL="url" (headURL is a synonym for headhref.)

       headtarget="headtarget"  is  a  target string for client-side imagemaps
       and SVG, effective when edge heads have a URL.  The  headtarget  string
       is  used  to determine which window of the browser is used for the URL.
       If the headtarget string is empty, the  default,  then  headtarget  de-
       faults  to the same value as target for the edge.  The substrings '\T',
       '\H', '\E' and '\G' are substituted in the same manner as for the  edge
       label  attribute.   Additionally the substring '\L' is substituted with
       the edge label string.

       headtooltip="tooltip" is a tooltip string for client-side imagemaps ef-
       fective  when head ports have a URL.  The tooltip string defaults to be
       the same as the headlabel string.  The substrings '\T', '\H', and  '\E'
       are  substituted  in  the  same manner as for the edge label attribute.
       Additionally the substring '\L' is  substituted  with  the  edge  label
       string.

       tailhref="url"  sets  the url for the tail port in imagemap, PostScript
       and SVG files.  The substrings '\T', '\H', '\E' and  '\G'  are  substi-
       tuted in the same manner as for the edge label attribute.  Additionally
       the substring '\L' is substituted with the edge label string.

       tailURL="url" (tailURL is a synonym for tailhref.)

       tailtarget="tailtarget" is a target string  for  client-side  imagemaps
       and  SVG,  effective when edge tails have a URL.  The tailtarget string
       is used to determine which window of the browser is used for  the  URL.
       If  the  tailtarget  string  is empty, the default, then tailtarget de-
       faults to the same value as target for the edge.  The substrings  '\T',
       '\H',  '\E' and '\G' are substituted in the same manner as for the edge
       label attribute.  Additionally the substring '\L' is  substituted  with
       the edge label string.

       tailtooltip="tooltip" is a tooltip string for client-side imagemaps ef-
       fective when tail ports have a URL.  The tooltip string defaults to  be
       the  same as the taillabel string.  The substrings '\T', '\H', '\E' and
       '\G' are substituted in the same manner as for the  edge  label  attri-
       bute.  Additionally the substring '\L' is substituted with the edge la-
       bel string.

       labeldistance and labelangle (in degrees CCW) specify the placement  of
       head and tail labels.

       decorate draws line from edge to label.

       samehead,sametail aim edges having the same value to the same port, us-
       ing the average landing point.

       (dot-specific attributes)
       constraint=false causes an edge to be ignored for rank assignment.

       minlen=n where n is an integer factor that applies to the  edge  length
       (ranks for normal edges, or minimum node separation for flat edges).

       xlabel="text" Edge labels in dot are treated as special types of nodes,
       with space allocated for them during node layout.  This  can  sometimes
       deform  the  edge  routing.  If an xlabel is used instead, the label is
       placed after all nodes and edges have been positioned.  In  turn,  this
       may mean that there is some overlap among the labels.

       (neato and fdp-specific attributes)
       len=f sets the optimal length of an edge.  The default is 1.0.

COMMAND-LINE OPTIONS
       -G sets a default graph attribute.
       -N sets a default node attribute.
       -E  sets  a  default edge attribute.  Example: -Gsize="7,8" -Nshape=box
       -Efontsize=8

       -lfile loads custom PostScript library  files.   Usually  these  define
       custom  shapes  or  styles.  If -l is given by itself, the standard li-
       brary is omitted.

       -Tlang sets the output language as described above.

       -n[1|2] (no-op) If set, neato assumes nodes  have  already  been  posi-
       tioned  and  all  nodes  have a pos attribute giving the positions.  It
       then performs an optional adjustment to remove node-node  overlap,  de-
       pending  on  the value of the overlap attribute, computes the edge lay-
       outs, depending on the value of the splines attribute,  and  emits  the
       graph in the appropriate format.  If num is supplied, the following ac-
       tions occur:
           num = 1
       Equivalent to -n.
           num > 1
       Use node positions as specified, with no adjustment to remove node-node
       overlaps,  and use any edge layouts already specified by the pos attri-
       bute.  neato computes an edge layout for any edge that does not have  a
       pos  attribute.   As usual, edge layout is guided by the splines attri-
       bute.

       -Klayout override the default layout  engine  implied  by  the  command
       name.

       -O  automatically generate output filenames based on the input filename
       and the -T format.

       -P generate a graph of the currently available plugins.

       -v (verbose) prints various information useful for debugging.

       -c configure plugins.

       -m memory test (observe no growth with top, kill when done).

       -qlevel set level of message suppression. The default is 1.

       -sfscale scale input by fscale, the default is 72.

       -y invert y coordinate in output.

       -V (version) prints version information and exits.

       -? prints the usage and exits.

       A complete description of the available  command-line  options  can  be
       found at https://www.graphviz.org/doc/info/command.html.

EXAMPLES
       digraph test123 {
               a -> b -> c;
               a -> {x y};
               b [shape=box];
               c [label="hello\nworld",color=blue,fontsize=24,
                    fontname="Palatino-Italic",fontcolor=red,style=filled];
               a -> z [label="hi", weight=100];
               x -> z [label="multi-line\nlabel"];
               edge [style=dashed,color=red];
               b -> x;
               {rank=same; b x}
       }

       graph test123 {
               a -- b -- c;
               a -- {x y};
               x -- c [w=10.0];
               x -- y [w=5.0,len=3];
       }

CAVEATS
       Edge splines can overlap unintentionally.

       Flat edge labels are slightly broken.  Intercluster edge labels are to-
       tally broken.

       Because unconstrained optimization is employed, node boxes can possibly
       overlap  or  touch unrelated edges.  All existing spring embedders seem
       to have this limitation.

       Apparently reasonable attempts to pin nodes or adjust edge lengths  and
       weights can cause instability.

AUTHORS
       Stephen C. North <north@research.att.com>
       Emden R. Gansner <erg@graphviz.org>
       John C. Ellson <ellson@research.att.com>
       Yifan Hu <yifanhu@yahoo.com>

       The   bitmap   driver   (PNG,   GIF   etc)   is   by   Thomas  Boutell,
       <http://www.boutell.com/gd>

       The Truetype font renderer is from the Freetype Project (David  Turner,
       Robert   Wilhelm,   and  Werner  Lemberg)  (who  can  be  contacted  at
       freetype-devel@lists.lrz-muenchen.de).

SEE ALSO
       This man page contains only a small amount of the  information  related
       to  the  Graphviz layout programs. The most complete information can be
       found at http://www.graphviz.org/Documentation.php, especially  in  the
       on-line  reference pages. Most of these documents are also available in
       the doc and doc/info subtrees in the source and binary distributions.

       dotty(1),tcldot(n),xcolors(1),libgraph(3).

       E. R. Gansner, S. C. North,  K. P. Vo, "DAG - A  Program  to  Draw  Di-
       rected  Graphs",  Software  -  Practice and Experience 17(1), 1988, pp.
       1047-1062.
       E. R. Gansner, E. Koutsofios, S. C. North,  K. P. Vo, "A Technique  for
       Drawing  Directed  Graphs,"  IEEE Trans. on Soft. Eng. 19(3), 1993, pp.
       214-230.
       S. North and E.  Koutsofios,  "Applications  of  graph  visualization",
       Graphics Interface 94, pp. 234-245.
       E.  R.  Gansner and E. Koutsofios and S. C. North, "Drawing Graphs with
       dot," Available at http://www.graphviz.org/pdf/dotguide.pdf.
       S.     C.     North,     "NEATO     User's     Manual".       Available
       http://www.graphviz.org/pdf/neatoguide.pdf.
       E.  R. Gansner and Y. Hu, "Efficient, Proximity-Preserving Node Overlap
       Removal", J. Graph Algorithms Appl., 14(1) pp. 53-74, 2010.

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